The Developmental Field Of Psychology - 1841 Words

The developmental field of psychology includes the study of the cognitive development of children. Play is an area of topic in developmental psychology that has attracted great interest amongst researchers and clinicians. It is a very common context where individuals engage in most of their time during childhood. The act of play involves more effects of development than just for recreational purposes. Piaget (1962) and Vygotsky (1966, 1978) both have found and recognised the act of play to be important for an individual’s normal development. Play is a situation or social framework that allows learning for young individuals. Pretend play is a subcategory of play that is defined by the nonliteral use of actions, objects and persons (Haight Miller, 1993). Through the means of pretend play, children can produce expressions via communication with one another regarding their subjective understandings of the social world. Such learning from these types of social interactions include s the theory of mind development. Theory of mind (ToM) is also referred to the individual’s ability to understand mental states such as belief, intents and desire. This entails one’s understanding of others as well as their selves. *ToM* Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that includes characteristics of difficulties in two recognised areas of functioning. These impairments comprise of difficulties in social imagination (repetitive patterns of behaviour), and social interaction andShow MoreRelatedThe Broad Field Of Developmental Psychology Is The Life Span Of Dyslexia1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of discussion related primarily to the broad field of developmental psychology is the life span of dyslexia. Reasoning for why this topic is so controversial can range from speculation on the impact of media on many people to researchers arguing that there really is no definitive and accurate way of determining the reasoning for it. In order to fully address t he symptoms and reasoning over time on dyslexia in this research paper, I will present multiple findings that can pin point whatRead MoreApplications for Psychology in Adult Learning1319 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology and adult learning are inherently linked given their focus upon the internal processes of the mind. The field of psychology has increasingly been applied to inform the adult education practice. Psychology is oftentimes incorporated into the foundation of the training that is received by adult educators in training. The field of psychology provides answers to questions that are common within adult education. These questions include â€Å"What motivates students to attend classes? ThroughRead MoreThe Progression And Maturation Of Human Development841 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopmental psychologists examine the progression and maturation of human development throughout a lifetime (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Additionally, developmental psychologists study how humans are able to acclimate to changes. Traditionally, their roles focus around the various stages during childhood and adolescence due in part to the rapid changes experienced during the first stages of life, however they are not limited to those age groups. Undergraduate and graduate degreesRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology And Personality Psychology1050 Words   |  5 Pages Development Psychology There are many specialty areas that are available to individuals seeking a career in the diverse field of psychology. Most Psychologists choose to specialize in sub-fields that focus on specific subjects. Obtaining a profession in many of the specialty areas would require graduate study in that area of interest. Some professionals have a broad knowledge, are skilled in several areas, and work with a range of clients. Some are specialist in treating a specific type of psychologicalRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : Psychology And Psychology943 Words   |  4 PagesThree of the fields of psychology that have influenced me and my current major in biology are Developmental Psychology, Neurological Psychology, and Clinical Psychology; they have influenced me by Developmental Psychology relating to my future goal to work with pediatrics, Neurological Psychology relating to both biology in a general sense and also my potential interests in the neurology field, and Clinical Psychology rela ting to being a doctor in general. One of the fields of Psychology that has influencedRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : Psychology And Psychology1105 Words   |  5 Pages Development Psychology Psychology is diverse, and there are many diverse specialty areas available to individuals seeking a career in the field of psychology. Most Psychologists choose to specialize in subfields that focus on specific subjects. Obtaining a profession in any of the specialty areas would require graduate study in that area of interest. Some professionals have a broad general knowledge, are skilled in several areas, and work with a range of clients. Some are specialist in treatingRead MoreAbstract. This Paper Is Meant To Provide An Overview Of1658 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper is meant to provide an overview of what a developmental psychologist is and what preparation is needed for obtaining a professional position within this subfield of psychology. The topics covered within include a brief summary of what it takes to become a developmental psychologist, the educational requirements for certification/licensing needed for practicing psychology, and the occupational outlook for the field over the next few years. Additionally, some of the positionsRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : Understanding And Theoretical Understanding1573 Words   |  7 Pages Developmental Psychology also can be thought as how a person develops though out their life. Developmental Psychology started out being concerned with earliest stage of a child now it has broadened to add teenagers, adult, and the whole life of a person. Developmental psychology consider development over a wide area of issues like motor skill, emotional intellectual associated with topics li ke problem solving, moral understanding and theoretical understanding. From the beginning of birth toRead MoreWomen s Influence On The Field Of Psychology864 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the early days of psychology, opportunities for women where limited and it was an extremely difficult time for women to become apparent in the field of psychology. Women struggled for equality in the field of psychology and this began with our pioneers, Mary Whiton Calkins, who sat her PhD but was never awarded it, Margaret Washburn, being the first women to be awarded a PhD and Christine Ladd Franklin. Since these women made their breakthrough there has been more and more women contributingRead MoreHuman Development,Family and Society Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesCo-Author: A.Pravinth – I MBA SSM School of Management, Komarapalayam. ABSTRACT This paper gives an overview of Human development, family and society from three angles via., biology, psychology and humanity. In biological terms, this entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being. Whereas in terms of psychology, it refers to the gradual accumulation of knowledge and is the scientific study of changes that occur in life of human beings. In terms of humanity, it involves studies of the human

Writing a Great Research Paper - 1643 Words

by Karl Weber, M.A. Writing a Great Research Paper: Picking an A+ Topic Study Guide Video Aided Instruction, Inc. Roslyn Heights, New York 1 #VAI-S1914 v1.0 This study guide should be used along with a program published by Video Aided Instruction, Inc. For more information, call 1-800 -238-1512 or visit us online at videoaidedinstruction.com. This study guide should be used along with the following program published by Video Aided Instruction. The instructor works through the exercises found in this guide – and much, much more – during the course of the actual program. Writing a Great Research Paper: Picking an A+ Topic Study Guide Introduction Selecting the right topic for your research paper is a crucial first†¦show more content†¦The Definition of a Research Paper For more information, call 1-800 -238-1512 or visit us online at videoaidedinstruction.com. A research paper is a paper that: †¢ presents an original approach to some academic topic, †¢ organized around a central thesis, †¢ using insights based on research, and †¢ citing sources in a scholarly fashion. Part 2: From Subject to Topic The Hierarchy of a Research Paper Research papers (and most examples of scholarly writing) follow the following hierarchy, focusing down from a highly general subject to a highly specific thesis: ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ What Is Your Subject? If you were assigned a subject, write it here: ____________________________________________________ If you were not assigned a subject, consider these strategies: #1. Look at the Table of Contents in the textbook for the course you’re studying. Which chapter, part, or section names cover people, things, places, events, or ideas that you have found especially interesting? Your subject could be one of these general areas. #2. Take a stroll through the library or bookstore, paying careful attention to books, periodicals, and other media that are related to the course you’re studying. Your subject could be one of the general areas covered by these materials. #3. Ask your teachers or professors for some guidance: In their experience, what sorts of subjects have their most successful students covered in their researchShow MoreRelatedThe Writing A Research Paper923 Words   |  4 PagesWriting a Research Paper The research paper There will come a time in most students careers when they are assigned a research paper. Such an assignment often creates a great deal of unneeded anxiety in the student, which may result in procrastination and a feeling of confusion and inadequacy. This anxiety frequently stems from the fact that many students are unfamiliar and inexperienced with this genre of writing. Never fear—inexperience and unfamiliarity are situations you can change throughRead MoreCollege English Changes People867 Words   |  4 PagesWriting is so much easier when you don’t have a ridiculous amount of guidelines you have to follow. With literary freedom, we are able to express ourselves more than if we have to follow a specific set of rules for every thing we write. This is one downfall for high school English. We have to order our papers in a specific sequence while writing about a topic that is chosen for us. This English composition class changed all of that. We were able to write a bout anything that related to the givenRead MoreMy General Experience With Assignments For English Class1625 Words   |  7 Pagesfinal paper I always tried to write the rough draft as if it was the final paper. This made the revision process very easy for me because I only had minor errors to correct. It also saved me a lot of time because I didn’t have to sit and revise for hours. Overall I loved this class and the teacher. It was one of the best classes I have had in a while. †¢ I didn’t find it hard for any of my papers to discuss and find the right audience, purpose and tone. For example I focused my research paper on nursesRead MoreEssay on Writing Experience815 Words   |  4 PagesMy Writing Experiences My experiences in writing have been minimal. I have only learned the basics of writing, like putting together sentences, forming paragraphs with sentences, and things like that. Since I have been taking college English, I can tell my writing has improved a lot. In the future, I hope to be able to improve tremendously at writing essays, paragraphs, research papers, documents, and stories so that I have very little to no errors with drafting and final products. I predict IRead MoreMy Autobiography Of Myself As A Writer1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthat I was a great writer. I knew I had so much to stay; the struggle was putting in on paper. I knew that regardless of how hard this class was for me, I was going to see it through. I produced 3 major papers to this class. My First paper was on Advertising titled Off with Her Head; My second paper was written on Panopticism titled Heaven or Hell? My third paper was a research paper of my choice; I chose to write on Educational Success for Hispanic Students. After my first paper was submittedRead MoreCourse Learning Outcomes For English 110869 Words   |  4 Pagesreflection and independent judgment, write a research paper of 2,500 words, and carry out essential steps in the writing process. I enclosed three works that I have submitted for this course which are, â€Å"The Journey of a Small Town Girl,† â€Å"The Wright Brothers,† and my research paper titled â€Å"The Dirty Dozen.† My purpose in writing the literacy narrative was to let different audiences to have a taste of what the struggle of an immigrant is like. This was the first paper that I had to write for this class andRead MoreIs Writing A Discourse Community?1241 Words   |  5 Pageswriter wrote in and beyond the university. On way is writing essays about certain discourse communities like the â€Å"Persuasive† essay, where I had to write about a discourse community I was part of and how it used writing. It was a challenging essay on the part where I had to explain and give examples since my discourse community was my criminal justice study group. It was hard to describe how writing took place and make it persuasive showing why writing is important to my discourse community.Second isRead MoreTechnical Writing And Creative Writing1312 Words   |  6 PagesMany people are unaware that there are many different types of writing. Writing is used in a wide variety of different subjects. Some peo ple think that left part of the brain is used for technical writing and the right side is used for creative writing (Patel). Technical writing is used in the fields of science, engineering, technology and the health sciences (Nordquist). Creative writing is used in novels, poems, epics, short stories, screenplays, songs, television scripts, etc. (YourDictionary)Read MoreMy Experience At A University Level978 Words   |  4 PagesThis course has become a journey for me. It has been one of my first classes at a university level. I have learned many valuable skills and lessons. I know they will be of great use to me in my further years at college, and in life. First, I learned that if I follow instructions and meet the criteria that is expected of me I can do very well. Secondly, I had the opportunity to learn how to develop a resume for college and work use. Having a resume that is up to standards and knowing what I need toRead MoreWriting An Argumentative Essay - Writing801 Words   |  4 Pagesthis course I have learned there is in fact a great deal to writing. Throughout my lifetime I have had to write numerous amounts of essays and papers for various subjects, all requiring different styles and techniques. Before engulfing myself into the writing process I would try and think of whom I am writing to and what I am writing about. I always just assumed I was writing for my audience, that being my teacher. Writing an argumentative research paper is something I had yet to accomplish in my college

Mortality and Morbidity Due To Unhealthy Diet In The United Kingdom

Question: Describe about the Mortality and Morbidity Due To Unhealthy Diet In The United Kingdom? Answer: Diet as a major determinant of mortality and morbidity in the United Kingdom Recent studies have shown that the local population of the United Kingdom is facing major health diseases like coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and cancer due to inadequate dietary intake. On the other hand, it was also found that a bulk of British nationals is facing food-borne diseases due to unhygienic conditions and pathogenic organisms like bacteria and fungi. Some of these foodborne diseases include Cholera, Diarrhea, Chemical poisoning, etc (Wang et al. 2011). The global burden of disease project conducted by WHO have showed that CVD and cancer collaboratively result in 62 percent of years of life lost (YLLs) due to early deaths in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the national health policy in the UK has shown their concern about the diet-related health diseases in recent years. According to the mortality and morbidity results of WHO, it was observed that the percentage of CVD and cancer comes down to 10 when YLDs calculation was applied (years of life lost due to disability). On the other hand, the researchers have found out that 45% of British population faces YLDs due to neuropsychiatric disorders related to poor dietary habit. However, the combined result of YLLs and YLDs (DALYs: the sum of YLLs and YLDs) showed that 34% of British people faces the burden of ill health due to CVD and cancer. On the other hand, the percentage of neuropsychiatric disorder faces a declination of 26% as per the DALYs calculation suggests (Whiteford et al. 2013). After summing up all the data, the researchers have found that 37% of DALYs happens due to food and diet-related diseases. However, foodborne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, chemical poisoning contribute only 0.2% of the DALYs estimation. Other diet-related diseases like nutritional deficiency, malnutrition, and dental caries contribute only 0.8% of the DALYs calculation. However, cancer, CVD, and diabetes are found to be responsible for 36% of DALYs estimation. The comparative risk assessment project, which was conducted by WHO in the United Kingdom have provided a proper logic and insight about the cause of this diet-related diseases (Capacci et al. 2012). They have suggested that fewer vegetables and fruit consumption and excessive intake of salt, sugar and saturated fat results in complications like overweight, obesity, high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol level among the general population. These complications are the major contributing factors for causing CVD, diabet es and cancer among the British population (Whiteford et al. 2013). Various survey reports have shown that the fast foods stalls, oily food takeovers (mainly Chinese, Indian, Mughlai, etc.) and roadway shops are catering the British people with tasty and unhealthy foods. The ingredient that they are using comprises of saturated fats (oils, dalda, butter, cottage cheese) and an excessive amount of spices, sugar, and salt. This has resulted in a significant health risk to the general population of the United Kingdom. The survey reports of The Department of Health (the United Kingdom) have published a morbidity and mortality chart of deceased people who died due to unhealthy dietary lifestyles. The report showed that unhealthy food habits have resulted in 50% of CVD deaths and 33% of cancer-related deaths in the year 2015 in the United Kingdom (Yip et al. 2015). The report also showed that unhealthy dietary habits have resulted in low birth weight and increased childhood morbidity and mortality in the general population of the United Kingdom. However, other reports have shown that the increasing amount of alcohol consumption among the British population have also increased the health related risks. The major complication that has been found to occur due to excessive alcohol consumption is Liver damage and Cirrhosis. Between the year 2010 and 2015, deaths from chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis have found to kill 13% of the population of the United Kingdom. This death toll of alcoholism has been found to get increased by 21% when compared to the data of 2004 2009 timeline (Ratib et al. 2015). This is another major cause of mortality and morbidity that is found to get increased among the local population of the United Kingdom due to their dietary habit and addiction while it is found to get decreased among the other European peers. On the other hand, Cancer Research UK has published their statement recently where they explicitly stated that unhealthy lifestyles cause cancer in one third of the patients. According to them , the unhealthy lifestyle is often associated with alcoholism and unhealthy food intake. Adding to this, CVD has killed almost 74,000 British individuals in last three decades in the United Kingdom, which is about 200 deaths per year. These data and analysis clearly prove that diet is a major determinant of mortality and morbidity in the United Kingdom (Gonzalez and Riboli 2010). Role of the Environmental health Practitioner in minimising the impact of diet as a health stressor The environmental health practitioners know the processes of evaluating a variety of environmental issues (like food, water, air, waste, etc.). Moreover, they are very much efficient in translating the science into practice. The environmental health practitioners have an immense role in minimizing the impact of diet as a health stressor by applying some basic science into practice like. They need to insist the Food Standards Agency (FSA) of the United Kingdom in lowering the cholesterol content of the daily food. It has been found that 10% reduction in the cholesterol level would prevent 25,000 deaths related to cardiovascular disease (approximately) every year in the United Kingdom (Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration 2011). They can educate the people of the United Kingdom about the consequences of unhealthy dietary intake by providing them educational seminars and lectures. They need to convince the common people of the United Kingdom in reducing their saturated fat intakes by providing them with knowledge about the concerning diseases like CVD, CHD, and obesity (Wu et al. 2013). They need to convince the people of the United Kingdom in decreasing the intake of salt (Sodium) as it can lead to hypertension, persistent high blood pressure and can cause stroke or heart attack. They need to convince the healthcare practitioners to use 0.8 mg of folic acid per day for the patients suffering from coronary heart disease (CHD). The use of folic acid has found to reduce serum homocysteine by 3mmol. Thus, implementation of folic acid would result in reducing the chances of stroke and heart attack by a margin of 24 percent in those patients who are suffering from coronary heart diseases (Yang et al. 2012). They need to convince the people to maintain a healthy weight of BMI (Body Mass Index) under 25kg/m as it would reduce the chances of endometrial cancer by 40% and colon and breast cancer by 10% respectively (Cao and Ma 2011). They need to convince the people of the United Kingdom to increase the intake of dietary fibers, as it would reduce the chances of pancreatic and colorectal cancer by a considerable margin. Moreover, they need to insist people on consuming more vegetables and fruits from their childhood day, as it has a long-term protective effect on cancer risk in adults. However, to implement all these practices environmental health professional would face immense challenges. Firstly, to conduct seminars with the local population and visit every healthcare personnel personally would require a massive budget. To accumulate the money they need to convince NGO's or the governmental body in order to get help from them with requisite cash and commodities. On the other hand, the environmental health practitioners need to abide by every legal and ethical aspects of the United Kingdom's judiciary system before conducting such programs. Hence, they require legal permission from the government of the United Kingdom which would consume more time and labour. Hence, to implement the program the EHP requires a minimum of 2 3 years of time, and this is the only challenges that the environmental health professional may face to effectively conduct his/her intervention process. References: Cao, Y. and Ma, J., 2011. Body mass index, prostate cancerspecific mortality, and biochemical recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer prevention research,4(4), pp.486-501. Capacci, S., Mazzocchi, M., Shankar, B., Macias, J.B., Verbeke, W., Prez-Cueto, F.J., Kozio-Kozakowska, A., Pirecka, B., Niedzwiedzka, B., D'Addesa, D. and Saba, A., 2012. Policies to promote healthy eating in Europe: a structured review of policies and their effectiveness.Nutrition reviews,70(3), pp.188-200. Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, 2011. Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies.The Lancet,377(9771), pp.1085-1095. Gonzalez, C.A. and Riboli, E., 2010. Diet and cancer prevention: Contributions from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study.European Journal of Cancer,46(14), pp.2555-2562. Ratib, S., Fleming, K.M., Crooks, C.J., Walker, A.J. and West, J., 2015. Causes of death in people with liver cirrhosis in England compared with the general population: a population-based cohort study.The American journal of gastroenterology,110(8), pp.1149-1158. Wang, Y.C., McPherson, K., Marsh, T., Gortmaker, S.L. and Brown, M., 2011. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK.The Lancet,378(9793), pp.815-825. Whiteford, H.A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A.J., Ferrari, A.J., Erskine, H.E., Charlson, F.J., Norman, R.E., Flaxman, A.D., Johns, N. and Burstein, R., 2013. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.The Lancet,382(9904), pp.1575-1586. Wu, J., Zhu, S., Yao, G.L., Mohammed, M.A. and Marshall, T., 2013. Patient factors influencing the prescribing of lipid lowering drugs for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in UK general practice: a national retrospective cohort study.PLoS One,8(7), p.e67611. Yang, H.T., Lee, M., Hong, K.S., Ovbiagele, B. and Saver, J.L., 2012. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in cardiovascular disease prevention: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of internal medicine,23(8), pp.745-754. Yip, K., McConnell, H., Alonzi, R. and Maher, J., 2015. Using routinely collected data to stratify prostate cancer patients into phases of care in the United Kingdom: implications for resource allocation and the cancer survivorship programme.British journal of cancer,112(9), pp.1594-1602.

WuTang Clan Forever free essay sample

I found myself watching MTV when a new video flashedon the screen. It was by WuTang and the name of the song wasTriumph. The music video was really exciting and different.I soon realized it was from the CD, Forever. At the musicstore, Forever was set up to allow you to listen to itbefore you bought it. It is a great double CD! I had listened toWuTangs 36 Chambers before and like it. In particular, Iliked C.R.E.A.M. and Bring the Pain. In these,they express how the artists feel. I like Forever evenbetter. Listening to WuTangs music is enjoyable, because they have afast hip/hop beat. Their lyrics are hard to understand, but if youlisten closely, they are meaningful and tell a story. WuTang originatedin Manhattan. The name they gave Manhattan was Showlein. They used to goto Chinese movies in a theater nearby. Most of the movies took place inShowlein, which is how they thought of the name Showlein for Manhattan. We will write a custom essay sample on WuTang Clan: Forever or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In all rap music, the musician sings one or two songs that keep the cusslevel low, so they can be played on the radio. On Forever,this song is Triumph. This song was a big hit, and so is theCD. Forever was nominated for Best Album of the Year at theMTV Music Award. That award went to Puff Daddy, but WuTang didnt leavewithout saying a few words. O.D.B. (of the WuTang Clan) jumped up onstage and started saying, WuTang for da children. He went onto say how WuTang should have won the award. Many peoples respect forthe WuTang Clan was lowered. O.D.B. was not scheduled to jump on thestage and cause a commotion. Some probably thought it was a publicitystunt, but it was not. The album comes with a CD-ROM for your computer,so you can learn about the members of the clan. I recommend it forpeople who like rap. People who do not like rap should listen beforebuying it. Im looking forward to WuTangs next album. .

Satire Essay AP Language Essay Example

Satire Essay AP Language Paper False ethos would be making it seem like a person or a product has credibility and authority when it really does not even exist. This shows up multiple times throughout this satire. The Onion uses credible people to sell the product such as Dry. Arthur Blunt This is false ethos because he is not a real doctor, yet some people might believe what he is saying because his title is Dry. (Line 9). It also has statements from another man that has the title of Dry. named Dry. Wayne Franken (Line 41), which ivies the product false ethos appeal as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Satire Essay AP Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Satire Essay AP Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Satire Essay AP Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Then the Onion uses reviews from different costumers that have used the Manganese product and uses their good reviews on the product as an ethos appeal. Some of the reviews stated I twisted my ankle something awful a few months ago, and the pain was so bad, I could barely walk a single step, said Helene Kuhn of Edison, NJ. But after wearing Mismanages for seven weeks, Eve noticed a significant decrease in pain and can now walk comfortably. Just try to prove that Mismanages didnt heal me! (Line 56). This review s meant for ethos because it shows that this so called product actually works and that actual people have used it. The author added where this woman was from to make it seem more real and it worked. But the issue is that with a twisted ankle, that usually heels within a few weeks so she said she wore the product for seven weeks and felt a significant difference but it could have Just been the natural heeling process, not the Mismanages. Also before this review was put down in this writing, the author states that that Mismanages were released less than a week ago (Line 2). This proves that it is false ethos because Helene Kuhn said she had been wearing them for seven weeks, yet the product was Just released a few weeks ago. False logos is another appeal that appears in this satire writing. This shows up towards the end right before the reviews, but this is what gives away the whole satire. The doctor that did research on this product states Special resonator nodules implanted at key spots in Mismanages convert the wearers own energy to match the Earths natural vibration rate of 32. 805 Californians. What gives away the falseness of his statement is the type of measurement called Californians (Line 48). This is obviously false because the name of the doctor doing the research is Dry. Wayne Franken so the audience can see that he made this unit of measurement up and named it after himself. At first it seems like a legitimate thing but then it says Californians and the audience can clearly notice. The purpose of this is to make it so the reader Just sees research and numbers to make it seem believable but then give almost confuse and trick the reader. By using this appeal, it makes it seem as though his product is fancy and it is well known and researched thoroughly. Some Jargon used is pseudoscience (Line 5). This is fake science but if the reader did not know the prefix pseudo meant, then they most likely will be even more convinced that this product is legitimate. Another place where Jargon is shown is when Dry. Arthur Blunt states Its patented Magna- Grid design, which features more than 200 geometrically aligned Contour points, actually soothes while it heals, restoring the foots natural bio flow (Line 1 1) This is Jargon, or technical language because as a reader, and not any rotor of scientist, it is very hard to understand what this statement actually means. Yet, since this statement is coming from a doctor, it is actually believable especially from a students prospective, there is nothing at first that blatantly shows that this is a satire and the product is not real. Although there are many appeals used in this satire to try to make it seem like this product is a real thing, there are some things that give away the fact that Mismanages are fake. Some of the things are when the author states that there is pseudoscience (Line 5). This gives it away if the reader nows that the definition of pseudo means fake. It basically is saying, fake science. That is one thing that gives the satire away. Another thing is when the author states According to scientific-sounding literature This shows that the product fake and that the author is unsure of whether or not this product and research is actually scientific. There are many other types of appeals and fallacies that give this away throughout the reading but between them are hidden appeals that make this product seem real at the same time, and that is how the author gets the reader.

Sivas Congress essays

Sivas Congress essays Milli mcadele yà ½llarà ½nà ½n en nemli tanà ½klarà ½ndan biri ve Cumhuriyet gazetesinin kurucusu olan Yunus Nadinin kaleme aldà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ bu eser, Atatrkn Samsuna ayak basmasà ½ndan hemen nceki planlarà ½ ile Sivas Kongresinden sonra oluà ¾turulan Temsil Heyetinin, Mdafai Hukuk Cemiyeti teà ¾kilatlanmasà ½na ek madde olarak à §Ãƒ ½karttà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ Gizli teà ¾kilat nizamnemesinin yayà ½nlanmasà ½ arasà ½ndaki srece à ½Ãƒ ¾Ãƒ ½k tutuyor. Eserinde Kurtuluà ¾ savaà ¾Ãƒ ½ ncesi; bir toplumu gaflet uykusundan uyandà ½rmak ià §in sarfedilen à §abanà ½n ne kadar byk, katedilen yolun ise bir o kadar zoru olduà °unu dile getiriyor. à ngiliz egemenlià °i altà ½nda bulunan, onlar ile iyi geà §inmenin en iyi siyaset olduà °unu kabul eden à stanbul hkmeti ve Babà ½li, bazà ½ à ttihat ve Terakkicileri ile hià § alkalarà ½ olmamasà ½na raà °men eski devlet memurlarà ½nà ½ ( Ali Fethi Bey Sofya Sefiri ) potansiyel suà §lu olarak grmekte ve kontrol altà ½nda tutmak ià §in tutuklamaktadà ½r. Bunun gibi zc ve bir o kadar da moral bozucu olaylar Mustafa Kemalin Samsuna à §Ãƒ ½kà ½p Milli Mcadele ateà ¾ini yakmasà ½nà ½ engelleyemeyecektir. Ali Fethi Beyin arkadaà ¾Ãƒ ½ olan Mustafa Kemal sà ½k sà ½k tutuklu bulunduà °u Bekiraà °a koà °uà ¾unda Onu ziyaret etmekte, à ngilizleri fazlasà ½yla uyandà ½rmadan Anadoluya geà §mek ià §in resmi memuriyet takibinde olduà °unu ve kabul edilir edilmez yola à §Ãƒ ½kacaà °Ãƒ ½nà ½ anlatmaktadà ½r. Olaylar tam Mustafa Kemalin arzuladà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ ve hedefledià °i gibi gelià ¾mekte, 3 gn sren bu yolculuk Samsunda son bulmakta ve oradan da yapà ½lacak Milli Mcadele à §aà °rà ½sà ½ Anadolunun ià §lerine doà °ru yayà ½lmaya baà ¾lamaktadà ½r. Bu sà ½rada Mustafa Kemali Anadoluya greve yollayan, à ngilizlerin geciken uyandà ½rmasà ½yla sonradan pià ¾man olacaklarà ½ bu karardan dnmek ià §in à §abala...

Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Child Development - Essay Example Pregnancy is a very important part of a woman’s life that calls for behavior change in various aspects of life. To begin with, my sleeping hours would not be adequate if I were pregnant. Pregnant women are advised to get enough rest and sleep. Secondly, I rarely exercise and I would start engaging in exercise activities three times a week to improve blood circulation. Thirdly, I take alcohol during the weekends and I would have to refrain from it if I were pregnant. Alcohol and drugs are prohibited during pregnancy as they can affect child’s development (Murphy). Finally, I would also need to change my diet by including healthier foods including larger portions of fruits and vegetables. Additionally, I would have to refrain from foods containing saturated fats and sweetened drinks. The study concentrates on behavioral change among women during pregnancy. According to the article, most women consume alcohol during pregnancy goes against the doctors’ advice as alcohol poses numerous side effects to the fetus. This article advises women to avoid alcohol intake at all costs. The article also shows the drinking habits among women from different backgrounds and demonstrated that some of the side effects of drinking while pregnant include intrauterine growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm birth. The article also shows that there is a strong relationship between alcohol use and smoking and these aspects combined have a significant negative impact on fetal growth.

Morrisons future growth for the last few years and whats predicted for Essay

Morrisons future growth for the last few years and whats predicted for the next few years . Dalton Philips - Essay Example The Optimization Plan launched in 2006, ended up creating greater sales growth and profits higher than the market. However, more recently the December 2010 sales growth reveals only 1% increase in the sales on the occasion of Christmas which attracts far higher sales. This increase of 1% is much smaller than its rivals and point towards an alarming future of the organization (Heraldscotland, 2011). The future targets of Morrison are to expand the space of its supermarket stores up to 1.5m square feet in the coming years till January 2013. The company is spending much capital on extending its space which may be a hurdle for the future growth. The profits increased from 655m pounds in 2009 to 858m pounds in 2010 (Steiner, 2010). The profit before tax of the company has increased by 21% in 2010. The earnings per share also increased accordingly by 23% in 2010. The cash flow situation of the company is also strong if we analyze its past activities. However, the increased capital expendit ure may be questioned for the appropriateness and efficiency of such large investments. In 2009/10 the company spent 906m pounds in order to develop a new regional distribution centre and opened 45 new stores. The increased capital expenditure resulted in increased debt of the company.

Structures, Fluid Mechanics, Materials, and Soil Mechanics Math Problem

Structures, Fluid Mechanics, Materials, and Soil Mechanics - Math Problem Example Accordingly, most pretensioned concrete essentials are assembled in a workshop and have to be transported to the building site, which confines their size. Pre-tensioned essentials may be balcony components, floor slabs, beams, lintels, or foundation piles. An inventive bridge-building method by means of pre-stressing is the strained ribbon bridge design.The method I would use to prestress: I would use bonded post-tensioning methodFused post-tensioned concrete refers to the descriptive term for a process of applying firmness after pouring the concrete as well as the curing process (in situ). The concrete is placed all around a plastic, aluminum, or steel curved duct, meant to follow the region where otherwise pressure would arise in the concrete component. A collection of the tendons are fished via the duct and the concrete is drizzled. Once the concrete becomes hardened, the tendons are then tensioned by the hydraulic jacks which react (push) on the concrete associate itself. When th e tendons are all stretched adequately, according to the specifications of the design (see Hooke's law), they are then lodged in position and sustain pressure after the jacks are detached, which transfers the pressure towards the concrete. The channel is then mortared to shield the tendons from decay. This method is normally used to build monolithic blocks for house construction; this normally happens in places where the expansive soils (like adobe clay) generate difficulties for the typical foundation of the perimeter.... Pre-tensioned essentials may be balcony components, floor slabs, beams, lintels, or foundation piles. An inventive bridge building method by means of pre-stressing is the strained ribbon bridge design. The method I would use to prestress: I would use bonded post –tensioning method Fused post-tensioned concrete refers to the descriptive term for a process of applying firmness after pouring the concrete as well as the curing process (in situ). The concrete is placed all around a plastic, aluminum, or steel curved duct, meant to follow the region where otherwise pressure would arise in the concrete component. A collection of the tendons are fished via the duct and the concrete is drizzled. Once the concrete becomes hardened, the tendons are then tensioned by the hydraulic jacks which react (push) on the concrete associate itself. When the tendons are all stretched adequately, according to the specifications of the design (see Hooke's law), they are then lodged in position and sus tain pressure after the jacks are detached, which transfers the pressure towards the concrete. The channel is then mortared to shield the tendons from decay. This method is normally used to build monolithic blocks for house construction; this normally happens in places where thr expansive soils (like adobe clay) generate difficulties for the typical foundation of the perimeter. All strains from periodic expansion as well as contraction of the core soil are reserved into the whole tensioned slab that supports the building devoid of substantial flexure. Post-tensioning is similarly used in the building of several bridges, both following the curing of

Politics Of Far Right Movements In Global Politics

Politics Of Far Right Movements In Global Politics Far right, which also be known as the extreme right or radical right, has been defined by various scholars and authors in various ways. Despite argument over the exact definition, far right is generally defined as an extremism of right-wing politics. According to Muddes work, the ideology of far right (2002 10-11), Hartmann defines far right as a collective term for all progress-hostile forces. However, there are objections to this restricted definition since this definition illustrates far right parties as single-issue movements, and conceals other important features of far right ideology. Most scholars and authors define far right as a political ideology which based on a combination of prominent features, consisting of Supremacism, Authoritarianism, Racism, and extreme-Nationalism. For examples, Macridis defines far-right as an ideology that revolves around the same old staples, such as, racism, xenophobia, and nationalism. Backes and Jesse defines far right as a collective term for anti-democratic dispositions and attempts, that are traditionally positioned at the extreme right of the left-right spectre (Mudde 2002: 10-11)Whereas, Falter and Schumann prescribes a set of core ideas of far-right ideology including, extreme nationalism, ethnocentrism, anti-communism, anti-parliamentarianism, anti-pluralism, militarism, law-and-order thinking, a demand for a strong political leader and/or executive, anti-Americanism and cultural pessimism'(Falter 1988: 101)Obviously, these definitions of far right reflect the existence of sharing of some core ideas among far-right, tradi tionalism, andconservatism through historical and ideological connection. Old Radical Right had been constituted in France after the French Revolution in 1789 as the main ideology among those supporters for counter-revolution who refused to accept the new republic regime and aimed for restoration of the French monarchy and aristocracy. The rise of radical right parties in Europe such as Nazi Party in Germany and Fascist Party in Italy before 1945 could be seen as the prosperity of old radical right. The old radical right commonly based on various hostile ideas towards Liberalism, Parliamentarism, Sentimism, Communism, Capitalism, and Bourgeois. All of these ideas had been resisted and insulted by radical right parties in the past. Together with the outbreak of Nationalism since the 1930s, far right parties could gained outgrowth from this nationalism and gained more popularity which had given compatibility for these parties to challenge existing states and accounted for much of the aggressive expansionist policy of some fascist regimes (Guibernau 2010: 9) especially, in the period since 1930s until the end of World War II. New Radical Right Mainstream political parties consider the new radical right as fascist parties that have no legitimacy. If we contemplate the fascist regimes of the 1922 1945, we will see a movement. According to Linzs perspective, traditional fascist can be defined as anti-liberalism, anti-parliamentarism, anti-Semitism, anticommunism. In contrast, despite their standpoint is strongly anti-establishment, the new radical right accepts the rules of parliamentary democracy. New Radical Rights oppose the corporatist and state-controlled economies defined by a strongly hierarchical political leadership but the radical right support a small government. The new radical right accepts market capitalism; however, one of its main ideological weaknesses are the inadequacy of an alternative economic programme like the mainstream political parties. New Radical Rights has their standpoint as anti-globalisation stand but the new radical right uses the means and new technological advances at the core of globalisat ion in order to promote its movement not only within but also across national boundaries. The main pillars of the new radical rights discourse New radical rights discourse consists of a high resistance to the existing establishment and a commitment to democratic reform, an explicit anti-immigrant narrative, and high emphasis on protecting western values and the national preference principle. Anti-establishment and democratic reform Although its extremely critical view of the functioning of liberal democratic systems, the new radical right does not support their replacement of liberal democratic system by some kind of fascist style political system. In contrary, the new radical right stands advocating a radical regeneration of democracy. In this perspective it is referred to as a promoter of hyper democracy. The new radical rights doctrine concern with a claim for genuinely popular participation and representation by means of radical reform of the established political institutions and the whole political process. In the same line, it defends the use of referendums and open lists in elections. According to Margaret Canovan perspective, the new radical right seeks to undermine and degenerate issues that associated with the political establishment, for example immigration policies, multiculturalism, affirmative action and political correctness. Anti-immigration There are fear and resentment towards immigrants and refugees that have been growing within western societies. The large influx of refugees from Eastern Europe and Africa into European countries in the 1990s gave the rise of issue invasion of the poor and it was expressed as the storming of Europe. There are a number of economic, social, political and cultural arguments which have been developed to create the legitimacy as a negative attitude towards immigrants. These come from the downward pressure that migrants push on wages and rising unemployment among the native population, to their comparatively high birth rates with potential detrimental implications for the existing welfare system, demographic developments, and national identity. Anti-immigrant sentiment open hostility towards immigrants. It can extend to describe radical right-wing parties do not have their standpoint against all migration but extremely against those immigrants who will pose a cultural threat to western valu es and national identity and culture. In present, there are the wave of Islamophobia generated by the 9/11 terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, Muslims are recognized as posing the most serious threat to western civilization and are often portrayed as the most alien and difficult to assimilate. The radical right regards the growing number of Muslims settling in Europe as a severe danger to western culture and values. In European countries, mainstream political parties are enthusiastic to deserve electoral support from ethnic communities of immigrant origin entitled to vote, in particular where such communities are of sizeable dimensions. This is a factor which is also regarded with suspicion and resented by the new radical right, which expresses skepticism at the idea that immigrants and refugees could make any valuable contribution to their society. The rise of the new radical right cannot be described by looking exclusively at economic factors, it seems safe to say that the global economic downturn has stresse d the economic as well as the political and cultural concerns that drive people toward the new radical right. In times of crisis minorities receive a severe treatment. They are criticized for the misfortunes affecting the overall society. They are considered guilty because of their supposed inefficiency, laziness, and lack of culture, susceptibility to crime, arrogance or economic success. Western values and the national preference principle The new radical right advocates the preservation of western values, a principle that is often turned into a call for national preferences; that is, citizens should enjoy priority access to social welfare and to the protection of their own culture and language, compared to foreigners. Citizenship should determine a sharp boundary between those who belong and those who do not, and the latter should be excluded from the social, economic and political rights associated with it. The principle of national preference mingled with hostility toward those considered too different in terms of values, culture, and often skin-colour should be considered as part and parcel of a project of white resistance or cultural nativism destined to protect what is described as an endangered European identity. The new radical right exhibits a cultural nativism tinted with populist overtones that connects with the dream of a white Europe. It is very important to highlight the transnational character of this populist nativism that reaches beyond nationalism by defending the cultural preservation o f the European culture. The new radical right presents itself as an alternative to traditional political parties and founds its discourse on a critique of democracy, a protest against elites and a concern about the cultural preservation and integrity of national identity comprehend as part and parcel of European identity. Integration and ethnopluralism New radical rights concerns about the preservation of national identity and the nation. It leads to the new radical right to oppose multiculturalism, which, in their view, promotes the destruction of individual cultures. In Western Europe, the new radical right has reacted to this by promoting an organic conception of the nation, which regards foreign bodies as a threat to a nations life and health. The term ethnopluralism has been coined by the new right to advocate respect for cultural and ethnic differences while maintaining that the best strategy to protect them is to avoid their mixing with each other. Ethnopluralism, as defined by the new radical right, stands for the protection of national culture and identity while arguing that the national culture and identities of immigrants should also be preserved. In pragmatically, different cultures and identities should not be mixed because it is in the mixing that culture and identity are weakened, levelled down and eventually destroy ed. Rise of far right in Europe It has been noted (Knigge, 1998: 255) that Generally, extremist movements are movements of disaffection (Lipset Raab 1978: 428). They appeal to people who are dissatis ¬Ã‚ ed with the status quo and who feel threatened by ongoing changes in society. These changes however, are complex and related to economic, political and social developments alike (Stà ¶ss 1991). Therefore, the rise of far right in Europe especially since 1980s can considered to be the result of the dissatisfaction of the changes which cause by Globalization. The Evolution of Extreme right-wing parties in Western Europe The rise of right-wing extremist parties in Europe have come in the wave. According to Widfeldts interpretation of research conducted by Klaus von Beyne, the German political scientist, far-right can be divided into three phases (Widefeldt, 2010). The first phase started from the end of Second World War to the mid 1950s. During the first phase, the support for extreme right-wing parties had marginal because people still feared the influence of Fascism and Nazism. Therefore, the political parties which supported on far-right was excluded outside the political area even the German Sozialistische Reichsoartei, the successor of Nazi. At that time, there were only the Italian Movimento Sociale Italiano, the successor of Mussolini fascists, which continually took a seat in national parliament. After the mid 1950s, the second phase started. Far right political parties gradually represent in parliament with the new pattern in the past far right political parties had an ideology on Nazism an d Fascism but after mid 1950s they changed to against Post-war economic and modernization process, for example. Since the 1980s, the third phase have begun. Due to the process of globalization, many European countries have experienced the overwhelming of immigration. Simultaneously with the economic recession of those countries, some citizens not only have seen foreign workers as the cause of unemployment and the status decline of Native Europe but also the cause of disappearance of homogeneous culture. Therefore, several political parties in Europe have perceived this weakness and support anti-immigration as new form of ideology and campaign. As a result, several far right political parties have been increased in their electoral supports and can gain political participation in Parliament. The Evolution of Extreme right-wing parties in Eastern Europe Regarding to Eastern Europe, the extreme right wing parties has been established after the end of Cold war. Even though the characters of social and politics in the former Communist regime like Eastern Europe suit with nationalist extremist, the increase of right-wing political parties are still low in Eastern Europe. A recent study (Mudde, 2012) has described that there are only four political parties which have largest share of support in parliament includes Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Greater Romania Party, Serbian Radical Party and finally Hungarian Movement for a Better Hungary. Besides these four political parties, other political parties in Eastern Europe seems too small, no electoral support from citizens to be the representative in parliament. Even though extreme-right parties in Eastern Europe are unsuccessful, most operations from extreme right-wing are outside of the political arena. For example, In Eastern Europe, especially Russia and Serbia, the extreme right s kin head gang and neo-Nazi group spread across Eastern Europe. The rise of electoral vote of far-right parties after financial crisis The global financial crisis in 2008 bring up the far-right parties across Europe in terms of citizens expressing their dissatisfaction of mainstream government. In other words, European citizens has perceived the mismanagement of the economic crisis by their own government which leads to decrease in GDP growth and increase in unemployment rate. Therefore, citizens have lost confident in their own governments and show more preference in far-right parties which in that time far-right parties try to exploit the situation by accusing a scapegoating such as foreign workers or immigrant for the cause of unemployment and the status decline of Native Europe. Even though the ideology and campaign of far right parties are various in different states depending on national histories and traditions, all of these political parties have mainly focused on anti-immigration, anti- multiculturalism and Islamophobia. Since 2008 global financial crisis, far-right political parties have gained a share of support in national parliaments across Europe especially in Norway, France, Hungary, Netherlands, England, Austria, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Denmark and finally Switzerland. Besides the national parliament, it was reported (BBC NEWS, 2009) that far-right political parties gained more seat in the 2009 European Parliament Election compared to the 2004 European Election and central-right political parties slightly drop in gaining the seat from 282 seats in 2004 to 264 seats in 2009. However, the central right political parties, namely European Peoples Party, still be the largest group in European Parliament. In other words, they gained 264 out of the 736 seats and prevailed over European Socialists Parties and Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe which both two parties gained 183 and 84 seats, respectively. Regarding to the far-right parties, called Union for Europe of the Nations, the groups members believe in national sovereignty and opponents of European integration. This gr oup gained more seats from 23 in 2004 to 28 in 2009. The result of European Election in 2009 is meaningful to the rise of far right in Europe because its winning in election implies that far-right parties achieve in build mass organizations on the ground resulting to the power in broadcast their ideologies and the effective implementation of their own policies. The eletoral impacts of globalisation The emergence and notable growth of the new far right has occurred with significant increases in international integration, post-industrialisation and the rise of post-materialist values and policy orientations. There is a relationship between a major feature of contemporary structural change, globalisation, and electoral success of new far-right parties. Elections have served as important markers of far-right success and failure. Often, landmark breakthroughs by far-right parties have put them on the map for wider audiences. Direct elections to the European Parliament, too, have provided useful occasions for far-right parties to make their mark. Economics Theory and research on the economic impacts of globalisation stress that transnationally mobile manufacturing and financial enterprises as well as highly skilled professionals, technical personnel and managers are the winners of internationalisation (Rodrik, 1997). Globalisation of markets, however, generates losses and new economic insecurities for some occupational strata and sectors. Specifically, Heckscher-Ohlin/Stolper-Samuelson models predict that semi- and unskilled workers bear significant costs of the globalisation of developed economies. That is, models of factor-price convergence suggest that the relative prices commanded by comparatively scarce factors in the developed economies (semi- and unskilled workers) decline with internationalisation as the relative demand for comparatively abundant factors (highly skilled workers) increases. Together, trade, capital mobility and immigration of workers may contribute to the decline in the relative wages and employment of increasin g numbers of lower-skilled workers. In addition, the traditional middle class may be economically disadvantaged as well as facing threats to traditional institutions, values and status. Overall, the evidence suggests that internationalisation is associated with modest declines in demand for lower-skilled workers and some increase in economic uncertainties as well as attendant threats to the social status, values and institutions of affected groups. Nevertheless, despite the absence of a dominant role for globalisation, international integration should contribute to the inclination of some voters to support parties that oppose international liberalisation and offer clear programmatic solutions to associated problems; this seems particularly likely if perceptions of burdens exceed actual costs of globalisation. Perceptions and Politics A.M.Mayda and D.Rodrik draw conclusions for the developed democracies as a whole from their analysis of International Social Survey Program and World Values Survey data. They conclude that a majority of citizens in the typical developed democracy supports restricting trade and that these protectionist attitudes vary systematically with education and occupational levels. Mayda and Rodrik find that in developed democracies where human capital is abundant, workers with higher education and occupational attainments are more likely to support free trade. Generally, the tangible effects of international integration on significant socio-economic groups, the likely tendency of citizens to weigh costs of globalisation more heavily than benefits and the widespread support among mainstream parties have offered an electoral opportunity for Radical Right Wing parties. These parties have commonly targeted electoral appeals to those who face economic uncertainties if not losses in the wake of globa lisation and domestic change and to those who possess diffuse anxieties, fears and resentments in the wake of structural changes. Specifically, right-wing parties, while supporting free markets and liberalisation domestically, have systematically criticized international openness. As the national economy moves towards global concerns in seeking foreign investments, invariably other aspects of domestic policy are affected. Capital moves to where it finds the most attractive home, thus seeking low-tax economies which places pressure on national macro-economic policy as the states tax-raising capacity is reduced by the tendency towards attracting investment. This weakens the states capacity to provide public services, fostering dissatisfaction among the citizen and reducing national cohesion (Day Thompson, 2004: 175). Furthermore, a general shift in focus of national policy to cultural and identity issues could serve to favour the far right. While politics at elite level concerns transnational and international matter, for the citizen, local and domestic affairs are still to the fore. Moreover, mass publics in all likelihood tend to weigh the costs of globalisation more heavily than benefits. In sum, theory and evidence suggest that globalisation modestly affects the demand for lower-skilled workers and may contribute to insecurities of employment and income for many wage earners. Duane Swank and Hans-Georg Betz conclude that international integration, or the notable increases in transnational flows of trade, capital and people in recent decades, has contributed to the electoral success of new far-right parties in Western Europe. The magnitude and nature of globalisations effects, however, are significantly shaped by national welfare state structures. Where national systems of social protection are comprehensive, generous and employment-orientated, rises in trade openness and capital mobility do not contribute to support for right-wing parties; where welfare programmatic structure is occupationally based or liberal in character, increases in transnational market flows are associated with moderate shifts in support to the new far right. The role of the media The far right discourses resonance depends on the intermediating role played by the media (including social media). Far-right parties and spokespeople have a particular media attraction because they can successfully represent themselves as new political kids on the block and can press their core issues of immigration and Islam, all too readily reported and sensationalised as alien to the host society. In addition, popular media places the spotlight on the charismatic party leader with a populist message, rather than on more unassuming and collegiate figures. That is because the media lower the barriers of entry into the electoral market by giving new parties the means to disseminate their message across a wider audience than their organisational or financial resources would allow. The far right has also sought to bypass the conventional media by using the internet to that effect. Through online behavior, Bartlett, Birdwell and Littler (2011) suggest that the emergence of populist parties and movements which often described as far right comes from 3 different sets of grievances that motivate citizens: economic grievances, disillusionment grievances and immigration grievances. The economic explanation of populism contends that economic frustration is the prime motivator of populists. This view has two components: first, that most supporters of parties and movements are blue-collar workers or the victims of globalisation and outsourcing, and second, that these workers are motivated to join by financial concerns. The second set of grievances concerns voters disillusionment with prevailing political parties and institutions. One argument advanced by scholars is that this disenchantment has led citizens to vote for populist political parties or join street groups out of protest. According to this protest vote model, supporters of populist parties are not necessarily ideologically committed but support them to vent frustration. The final category of grievances concerns immigration. Some studies have demonstrated that concern, worry or antipathy toward immigrants is the feature that unifies populist groups. Much of the academic literature suggested that a large degree of concern relating to immigration was economic in nature, however, more recent research suggests that immigration is seen as a threat to cultural identity. As highlighted by Matthew Goodwins recent report, Right Response, which is an increasingly favoured view. Since the end of World War II, immigration has become one of the most divisive issues on the political agendas of Western democracies. Many individuals in European democracies express unease or out-right concern with the potential effects of migration on their countries, while others in these same countries are less uneasy or even welcoming toward newcomers. Left-right self-placement is likely to capture the potential ideological confluence between political dissatisfaction and hostility to immigration, with those on the far right expected to be more negative about political institutions and politicians and about immigration. Those who actually voted for the far right are, of course, very likely to be hostile to immigration and to politics because of ideas stoked by far-right party rhetoric. In the past ten years, and particularly since 2007 with the worldwide financial crisis, the sense of Europeanness has seemed to lessen (see Checkel and Katzenstein 2009). Immigration, the so-call ed war on terror, slow economic growth, and finally the financial crisis have caused citizens across Europe to view their national governments as the main focus of their identities and political activity (Checkel and Katzenstein 2009). The rise of anti-immigrant, nationalist parties has been pronounced in Scandinavian countries, typically seen as bastions of leftwing and liberal social policy. Indeed, the terrorist attacks in Norway in 2011 have led to a good deal of introspection about the rise of far right anti-immigrant groups, largely as Anders Breivik, the Norwegian terrorist, was a member of the Norwegian Progress Party before becoming disillusioned with their moderate approach. A Case Study of Oslos Massacre The most recent well known Far Right movement that caused a horrible shock to people of the entire world is The Oslos Massacre in 2011 which killed 77 people. A massive blast shook the centre of Oslo in the afternoon on Friday 22 July 2011, blowing out the windows of the prime ministers offices and damaging the finance and oil ministries.Rubble and glass littered the streets and smoke from the fires drifted across the city from the devastated area the heart of the Labour Party government. Witnesses described the scene as like a war zone. Police set up cordons and evacuated buildings while ambulances took dozens of injured people to hospital. Police confirmed the next day that the blast was caused by a car bomb, and that undetonated explosives remained in the area. The bomb contained an estimated 950kg (2,090lbs) of explosives made of fertilizer, 8 people were killed in this incident. In the late afternoon, a ferryman was asked to transport a policeman to the island of Utoeya, located in a lake about 35km (20 miles) north-west of Oslo. The uniformed man was said to have been armed with a pistol and an automatic rifle. He had described how he was there to do research in connection with the bomb blasts But the policeman turned out to be a gunman, and he went on to shoot and kill many of young people staying at the island camp. About 30 minutes later, a specialist police SWAT team was despatched from Oslo to Utoeya. Meanwhile, the gunman continued his killing spree undisturbed, randomly shooting victims, according to eyewitness reports. Survivors described chaotic scenes as teenagers fled from the gunman, some plunging into the water to swim to safety. He shot at those who tried to swim away. Others hid in the undergrowth, cowering in fear. The gunman was described as tall, blond and Nordic-looking had called campers to him as if to offer help, only to open fire on them. Officers eventually arrived on the island, Haarvard Gaasbakk, the leader of the first police squad to arrive on the island, said a group of youngsters directed them towards the gunman.We then spotted the gunman shooting on the southern part of the island and we hear a lot of shooting the gunshots are coming fast and thick, he said. As the officers ran into a clearing in the forest, they suddenly came face to face with the gunman, hands above his head and his weapons 15m away on the ground. Mr. Gaasbakk said the gunman was arrested and one officer took charge of him while the others ran to give the victims first aid. The shooting spree had lasted more than an hour. Officers have said he still had a considerable amount of ammunition for both his guns a pistol and an automatic rifle when he surrendered. Hospital sources said the gunman had used dum-dum bullets, designed to disintegrate inside the body and cause maximum internal damage. A Norwegian court has found that mass killer Anders Behring Breivik is sane and sentenced him to 21 years in jail. Breivik, who admitted killing 77 people when he bombed central Oslo and then opened fire at an island youth camp, told the court he would not appeal. He insisted he was sane and refused to plead guilty, saying last years attacks were necessary to stop the Islamisation of Norway. Afterwards Breivik said he did not recognise the court, which he contended had sided with the multicultural majority in parliament, but said he would not appeal as this would legitimise the proceedings. He accused the governing Labour Party of promoting multiculturalism and endangering Norways identity. In the pre-trial hearing, February 2012, Breivik read a prepared statement demanding to be released and treated as a hero for his pre-emptive attack against traitors accused of planning cultural genocide. He said, They are committing, or planning to commit, cultural destruction, of which deconstru ction of the Norwegian ethnic group and deconstruction of Norwegian culture. This is the same as ethnic cleansing. Experts in far-right ideology told the trial Breiviks ideas should not be seen as the ramblings of a madman and Breiviks attacks ignited a debate about the nature of tolerance and democracy in Norway. Anders Behring Breivik is a right-wing extremist and now regarded by many as a Christian fundamentalist, extremist, and terrorist. He claims he has a mentor and refers to him as Richard the Lionheart. He claims that he is a member of an international Christian military order based on the Knights Templar which was established in London in 2002 by nine individuals with a large number of knights and even bigger number of civilians including a number of cells in Europe. He was a member of a local Masonic lodge and was a proud freemason and he also claims he has contacts with the EDL and as his mentors codename is Richard the Lionheart it seems to suggest the EDL is very influential on him and his political views. His main political goal was to stop as he refers to it, the Islamification of Western Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. He claims he killed nearly eight people, who were in the majority non-Muslims, in order to save Europe from a Muslim takeover. Mario Borghezio, for instance who belongs to the anti-immigration Northern League party in Italy, which is a partner in Italys government coalition, condemned Breiviks attacks, but supported his position against Muslim immigration to Europe. He was reported to have said, Some of the ideas he expressed are good, barring the violence. Some of them are great. Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterised by analysts as being a right-wing extremist with anti-Muslim views and a hatred of Islam, who considered himself a knight dedicated to stemming the tide of Muslim immigration into Europe. He was at first described by many in the media as a Christian fundamentalist, Christian terrorist, nationalist and right-wing extremist. Conclusion The rise of new far-right ideology in Europe both as in politics and as movements could be considered a

Comparison of Popes The rape of the Lock and Swifts A Modest Proposal

Although Alexander Pope's, The Rape of the Lock, and Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal are both witty satires, they differ on their style, intention, and mood. To begin, in The Rape of the Lock, Alexander Pope uses satire to invoke a capricious, melancholy mood to illustrate the absurdity of fighting over the cutting of one's hair. Hidden inside this poem is a crafty criticism of the society that helps create the crisis over the stolen lock. A Society in which appearances ere more important to a person’s sense of identity, and treats the insignificant with utmost importance. The very title of this mock- epic gives the audience a clue, the word "rape" and all its implications bring to mind a heinous crime of violation. Pope chose to utilize the heroic couplet to trivialize this mock- epic â€Å"But when to mischief mortals bend their will, how soon they find it instruments of ill!† (3. 53-54). He also employs in many instances, historic allusions to give the poem a serious feel â€Å"Fear the just Gods, and think of Scylla's fate! chang'd to a bird, and sent to flit in air, she dearl...

Basic Principles of Tort Supported by Case Law.

Introduction This essay is an attempt to advise Changwa on the area of law under which he can bring an action in view of the facts given in the question. The essay will also attempt to advise Changwa with respect to the person against whom such action can be brought. In order to achieve this end, the essay will pay particular attention to the salient elements he has to establish in the area of law identified, if at all he is to succed in his claim. The essay will conclude by looking at the likely difficulties Changwa may encounter in succeeding in his claim in the event that he was to bring an action. The advice will be with the aid of decided cases where necessary. Area of Law and the Potential Defendant. In view of the facts given in this case, the name of the area of law under which Changwa can bring an action is in the tort of negligence. Accordingly, he must bring this action firstly against the pub manager for the cockroach found in the food. Secondly, the action must be brought against the manufacturers of the red wine. This is so because the pub manager is merely the retailer with no opportunity to temper with the contents of the red wine. The law of negligence dates back as far as 1856 when Lord Baron Alderson in Blyth v Birmingham Water Works Company gave a simple and precise definition of what constitutes negligence in the following terms; Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. It follows therefore that negligence consists of either an act or omission on the part of the defendant. It is trite law that the tort of negligence has three essential elements, which any claimant must prove in order to succeed in his action against the defendant. These three elements are existence of duty of care owed to the claimant, breach of such duty of care by the defendant and lastly the resulting damage to the claimant arising from the breach of the duty of care . Each of the above elements of the tort of negligence will now be discussed in turn. Existence of duty of care It is now settled law that there exists no all embracing duty owed to the whole world in all circumstances. However, the determining issue is whether a duty of care existed and whether it was owed to the particular plaintiff. The basis of the law of negligence is that the defendant owes the plaintiff a duty of care. It must be mentioned that the duty owed to a claimant is not imposed by contract but is one imposed by the law. The modern law as regards this aspect of the law of negligence was extensively canvassed in the celebrated case of Donoghue v Stevenson where the House of Lords were confronted with the general question of whether a manufacturer owed a duty of care to the ultimate consumer of his products and they proceeded to hold that he did. In that case, the plaintiff became ill after drinking ginger beer from a bottle which contained a decomposing snail in it. She had not bought the daring herself, so she was unable to rely on a breach of contract. In this regard, she sued the manufacturers of the beer under the tort of negligence, claiming that they owed her a duty of care. The House of Lord decided the case in the plaintiff’s favour and the case is an authority because of the rule of law laid down by Lord Atkin when he stated thus; The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question, who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be – persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question This test has been criticised as being too wide but it made it easier for lawyers to argue that there should be liability for negligently causing harm in new situations. Similarly, in Anns v Merton , the court had the following to say concerning the duty of care; In order to establish that a duty of care arises in a particular situation, it is not necessary to bring the facts of that situation within those of previous situations in which a duty of care has been held to exist. Rather the question has to be approached in two stages. First one has to ask whether, as between the alleged wrongdoer and the person who has suffered damage there is a sufficient relationship of proximity or neighbourhood such that, in the reasonable contemplation of the former, carelessness on his part may be likely to cause damage to the latter – in which case a prima facie duty of care arises. Secondly, if the first question is answered affirmatively, it is necessary to consider whether there are any considerations which ought to negative, or to reduce or limit the scope of the duty or the class of person to whom it is owed or the damages to which a breach of it may give rise In view of the above exposition of the law, it is clear that firstly, the pub manager owes a duty of care to Changwa to ensure that he is not harmed by the food prepared therein. Secondly, the manufacturer of the red wine ought to have the consumer in contemplation as a person who would likely be affected by the actions of the manufacturer. The above cases show that the manufacturer and not the retailer, owes a duty of care to the consumer in instances where the retailer has no power whatsoever as to the contents or quality of a product. In view of this duty, a manufacturer in the position of the manufacturer of the red wine must take reasonable steps to ensure that the drinks they produce do not contain any impurities which would be harmful to the consumer. Breach of Duty of Care A potential defendant will be negligent by falling below the standards of the ordinary reasonable person in his situation, that is, by doing something which the reasonable man would not do or failing to do something which the reasonable man would do. According to the learned authors of English Law , if a duty of care is established as a matter of law, whether or not the defendant was in breach of that duty is a matter of fact. Even if the plaintiff succeeds in showing that the defendant owes a duty of care, it is not sufficient for purposes of negligence unless a breach of that duty is shown . In deciding whether a defendant has acted negligently, the decision is based on an objective test of what a reasonable man would do. The court will decide if the defendant fell below the standard of the reasonable man. The standard of care expected from this hypothetical character is objective; not taking into account the characteristics or weaknesses of the defendant, as was aptly stated by the court in Nettleship v Weston . However, it must be mentioned that the courts expect people to take only reasonable precautions in guarding against harm to others, and this position of the law was affirmed in Latimer v AEC Ltd . In assessing what is reasonable under the circumstances, the court will consider the likelihood of harm occurring. The greater the risk of harm, the greater the precautions that will need to be taken, as was held in Miller v Jackson In the instant case, the test would be whether a reasonable person in the position of both the pub manager and the manufacturer of red wine would have neglected to carry out an inspection of their products in order to ensure that the consumer will not be harmed by the contents thereof. The obvious answer to the above question is not in the affirmative but in the negative. In this regard, Changwa would successfully establish the second element of the tort of negligence against firstly the pub manager and secondly the wine manufacturer, although this in itself is by no means conclusive that the defendants are liable to the plaintiff. At this point, in order to succeed in the tort of negligence, he will then need to establish the third element of the tort of negligence, namely that he suffered damage as a result of the breach of the duty of care by the defendant. Damage The learned authors of Clerk and Lindsell on Tort assert that it is important for the plaintiff in an action for negligence to prove the resulting damage to him from the breach of the duty of care. This is essentially premised o the fact that negligence is not actionable per se. It is necessary therefore for Changwa in this case, to show that he has suffered some harm, either physical injury, economic harm or psychological harm. This part of the elements of the law of negligence constitutes one of the difficulties that Changwa is likely to encounter in succeeding with the claim. In Donoghue v Stevenson , the House of Lords found in favour of the plaintiff because she was able to show that she had suffered a mental or nervous shock after drinking the Ginger Beer in which a decomposed snail was found. It is now categorically clear that breach of duty of care is necessary but in itself and by itself not conclusive that the plaintiff will be entitled to damages. To this effect, resulting damage is essential in this regard. This qualifies the earlier point that negligence is not actionable per se but damage must be proved if a claimant is to succeed. The Zambian courts have had several instances where they have pronounced themselves on this third aspect or element of the law of negligence. In Zambia Breweries Plc v Reuben Mwanza The respondent, Reuben Mwanza bought a bottle of a castle lager beer at a bottle store and this bottle was opened in his presence. He drunk half of the contents and he then felt as if he was choking and on examination of the bottle he found that it contained a dead lizard. The learned trial judge found as a fact that the appellants were negligent in the manufacture of the castle beer with a dead lizard in it and awarded the respondent K50, 000,000 as damages. The appellant then appealed against the excessive award of damages. The Supreme Court had the following to say in relation to the issue of damages; We have considered the submissions on this head and we agree that the K50, 000,000 awarded in this area is excessive. In doing so we take into account the conduct of the respondent after discovering a lizard in his beer. Although the respondent stated that he was shocked with the discovery of the lizard, it is shocking to us that when he was offered another beer, he quickly took it and consumed. There was no revolting reaction. Further, when he went to the Chilenje clinic he never revealed what has caused his â€Å"illness† so that proper diagnosis could be given. The reasoning of the court from the above sentiments is to the effect that there was no evidence to show that the claimant had suffered any harm, whether mental or physical thus the award was reduced. The court further stated thus; â€Å"the plaintiff has, therefore, a duty to bring credible evidence of illness. The award in this instant case comes to us with a sense of shock as being wrong in principle and on the higher side. We want to take advantage of this case to point out that in future nothing will be awarded if no proper evidence of a medical nature is conducted. † Similarly, in Continental Restaurant & Casino LTD. v. Arida Mercy Chulu , the court had the following to say as regards the need to prove actual damage in an action for negligence; The important point to stress, however, is that in cases of this nature, the basis of awarding damages is to vindicate the injury suffered by the plaintiff. The money was to be awarded in the instant case not because there was a cockroach in the soup, but on account of the harm or injury done to the health, mental or physical, of the plaintiff. Thus in the Donoghue case the plaintiff was hospitalised. Mild condition is generally not enough a basis for awarding damages. The plaintiff has, therefore, a duty to bring credible evidence of illness. The award in this instant case comes to us with a sense of shock as being wrong in principle and on the higher side. We want to take advantage of this case to point out that in future nothing will be warded if no proper evidence of a medical nature is conducted. Furthermore, in the case of Michael Chilufya Sata v Zambia Bottlers Limited , claimant found a cockroach in the drink but had not yet taken the drink when the cockroach was discovered. In a claim by the claimant, the Supreme Court of Zambia held to the effect that there was no injury or damage caused to the appellant by the adulterated drin k as he did not consume it. Furthermore, the court noted correctly that negligence alone does not give a cause of action; damage alone does not give a cause of action; the two must co-exist. It therefore follows, that for Changwa to successfully claim damages, he must prove the actual harm suffered with respect to both the food and the red wine. CONCLUSION AND ADVICE In view of the explanation of the law that has bee done above, Changwa will now be advised as follows; †¢In view of the facts given in the question, he would bring an action in the tort of negligence. †¢The person that Changwa should sue is the owner of the restaurant for the fly found in the food. This is so irrespective of the fact that changwa is not the one who bought the food because the duty of care is not contractual but is imposed by the law. In this vain, the pub owes a duty of care to Changwa. Secondly, Changwa can also bring an action for negligence against Manufacturer of the red wine for the cockroach found in the wine. This is because in cases such as these ones where the retailer has no control on the contents of the wine, recourse is had to the manufacturer, who is under a duty to take reasonable steps to ensure that the drink does not cause harm to the consumers who must be in the reasonable contemplation of the manufacturer. The tort of negligence comprises of three essential ingredients, namely; duty of care, breach of duty of care and the resultant damage, which elements have been discussed in sufficient detail above. In order to succeed in the tort of negligence, the claimant must establish all the three elements. †¢Changwa will easily prove the first two elements of negligence. However, he may encounter problems with the third element in view of the fact that it has not been shown from the question whet her he suffered any harm after taking the food which had a fly. The law on negligence demands that the claimant must substantiate the harm caused by the defendant’s breach of duty. This will be problematic for Changwa in view of the fact that he did not suffer any damage. Secondly, it will be difficult if not impossible for Changwa to substantiate his claim with respect to the red wine because he did not take the wine, thus clearly no harm was suffered by himself. In view of the collated explanations given in this essay, Changwa is advised accordingly. Bibliography Clerk and Lindsell. 2003. Law of Tort, 16th ed Cooke, J. 2003. Law of Tort, 6th ed. Liverpool: Moores University. Rogers, W. 1994. Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort, 13th ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell. Smith and Keenan. 1966. English Law, 2nd ed. London: Pitman and Sons Cases referred to Anns v Merton [1977] 2 All ER 492 Blyth v Birmingham Water Works Company [1856] 11 Exch 781 Continental Restaurant & Casino Ltd. v. Arida Mercy Chulu S. C. Z. No. 28 of 2000 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Latimer v AEC Ltd [1952] 1 All ER 1302 Michael Chilufya Sata v Zambia Bottlers Limited SCZ No. 1 OF 2003 Miller v Jackson [1977] 3 All ER 338 Nettleship v Weston [1971] 3 All ER 581 Zambia Breweries Plc v Reuben Mwanza S. C. Z. NO. 39 OF 2000

Economics and Unemployment essays

Economics and Unemployment essays This research paper was written not only as a class project but also an informative way to give the reader an in depth learning experience of the recession in 2001. I will be discussing topics like the effects the 9/11 attacks had on the recession and categories of workers and last but not least regional differences. Lets analyze the rise in unemployment first. The Labor Department said new jobless claims fell to 427,000 for the week ended Nov. 17 - a week shortened by the Veterans Day holiday - from a revised 444,000 a in just a weeks time before. Economists surveyed by Briefing.com expected 452,000 new claims. That is way too much to overlook so Im sure that the government had their hands full during those two bad weeks. During the week of November 10 over 3.7 million dollars went to claiming workers benefits. Look at this graph to see how the unemployment curve kept rising: As one can see from the graph the unemployment skyrocketed to a crazy 5.4% by October. The effects of the 9/11 tragedy took their toll on our hearts and our fellow Americans. We can see how many ways it has affected us but we can only argue so much to see how it has greatly affected the unemployment rate. By October the unemployment rate was at 5.4%. Obviously we can see how and why people are losing their jobs. Stocks dropped, the value of each independent corporation or business depreciated and companies just cant afford the huge amounts of money that must go towards paying employees. Its a matter of business all the time. The three measures taken by businesses were: 1) Reduction of workers on full benefits (under lifetime employment, seniority-based salary and full retirement package). 2) Replacement of workers on full benefits with other more flexible workers (new workers recruited in mid-career, part-time workers, contracted workers, and temporary workers supplied by temporary staff placement agencies). ...

Whats Actually Tested on the ACT Science Section Skills and Topics

What's Actually Tested on the ACT Science Section Skills and Topics SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you studying for the ACT? Not sure what to expect from the science section? You might be surprised to know that the science section one of the most commonly misunderstood parts of the ACT. So what exactly is tested on the ACT science section? And how much science do you need to know to do well? We'll break down this section for you with example questions so you know exactly what to expect. ACT Science Section Format The ACT science section is 35 minutes long and contains 40 questions. That means that you have about 53 seconds to spend on each question. The science section’s format is more like the reading section than the math section – which is surprising for some students! Each question on the math section has its own task or problem. But for both the ACT Reading and ACT Science, you have to read a passage and then answer a series of questions about it. There are seven passages on the science section. Each passage could contain graphs, charts, experiment summaries, or conflicting viewpoints from scientists. Every passage is followed by four to seven questions about it. So to do well on this section, you need to be able to quickly but accurately read and understand scientific data. What Does AP Science Test You On? Although the ACT Science section includes a wide range of science content, it tests your scientific skills more than your knowledge. As the ACT puts it, â€Å"the Science Test †¦ measures the interpretation, analysis, evaluation, reasoning, and problem-solving skills required in the natural sciences.† In other words, the science section tests skills, not specific facts or topics. So how exactly do you learn these science skills? From taking science classes in high school. The ACT website recommends you take at least three years of science in high school, and have taken at least one biology course and one physical or earth science course by the time you take the test. Aside from being more fun than the average class, doing science experiments helps you prepare for the ACT! By taking science courses, you’ll learn about the scientific method, how to collect and analyze data, and how to evaluate a theory or hypothesis. These skills will help you succeed on ACT Science. By taking biology and earth science, you'll get enough background on science terminology to be able to process ACT Science topics. Content you're tested on could include biology, chemistry, physics, and earth/space sciences (including geology, astronomy, and meteorology). As an example, the Preparing for the ACT official practice test science section includes passages about finch beak depth, the process of ions being precipitated from the earth’s atmosphere, cloud cover, acid-base titration, stellar evolution (how stars evolve), and the human threshold of hearing. However, the ACT does not expect students to be experts on such a wide variety of science topics. Using these kinds of topics as starting points, the science section will ask questions about data representation, the research process, and conflicting hypotheses. So if your scientific reasoning skills are strong, you will be able to answer any ACT Science question – even if it’s about an obscure topic like finch beak depth! That said, science background from biology, earth sciences, and chemistry will be helpful, because you won’t be intimidated by scientific terminology on the test. As an example, it will be easier to break down a passage about finch beak depth if you are familiar with the concept of natural selection. But remember you don’t actually need an advanced knowledge of particular science concepts to do well on this section – you just need to be able to read and interpret graphs and studies. Now let’s explore the exact question types you will see on ACT science. ACT Science Question Types There are three different question types you will see on ACT science. The majority of questions focus on having you break down data and experiments, though you will also have to compare conflicting viewpoints between scientists. Check out the three different question types below to learn more. #1: Data Representation (30-40% of Questions) These questions have you read graphs, interpret scatterplots, and explain information presented in tables. While some knowledge of the subject being tested is helpful, what is more important is your ability to read and understand data. As an example, check out this question from an ACT practice test: Source: ACT Assessment Practice Multiple Choice Test, 2004. The topic of this passage is metamorphic rock formation. However, you don't need to be an expert on that, or even know much about metamorphic rocks at all, to break down the chart. The question asks you which conditions a Facies G rock is most likely to form under. Looking at the area of the chart representing Facies G rocks, you can see they form with pressure between roughly 10 and 14 kb, and temperatures between 200 and 1,000 degrees Celsius. Looking at the answer choices, only one (choice J) lists a pressure reading that a Facies G rock could form under. Therefore J is the correct answer. In other words, the question is testing your ability to read and interpret the graph. The question is not testing your knowledge of metamorphic rocks. #2: Research Summaries (45-55% of Questions) These questions require you to interpret the design and results of experiments. Again, specific content knowledge isn't as important as knowledge of the scientific method and data collection. Check out this example question to see what we mean. The topic of this passage is elaiosomes, nutritious structures in seeds that attract ants. However, you don't need to know much about ants, seeds, or elaiosomes to break down this study and know which variable was controlled. A controlled variable is a variable that remains constant. So all you're looking for is the variable in the experiment that was kept the same. Reading the study description, we see that "Two seed dishes were placed in each site." This makes G the correct answer. (The other answer choices, number of ants, mass of elaiosome of each seed, and type of seed taken by the ants, were not described as constant in the study summary.) So to get this question right, you have to know what a controlled variable is and how it relates to scientific study structure. You do not have to be an expert on ants or seed germination. This is why taking science classes and becoming knowledgeable in the scientific method is so important to doing well on ACT science. #3: Conflicting Viewpoints (15-20% of Questions) The final question type on the ACT science section tests your ability to understand, analyze, and compare alternate viewpoints or hypotheses. These questions will center around a single situation or problem, and you will read two different viewpoints and compare the similarities and differences. Check out the example below. The question is asking you to figure out the main point of disagreement between the two scientists. In this case, the disagreement becomes clear in the first sentence of each opinion. Scientist 1 says "the object was a comet," while Scientist 2 says "the object was a stony asteroid." This makes answer choice J ("the type of object that entered Earth's atmosphere") the correct choice. The scientists do not disagree on the other three answer choices. The location of the event (choice F) and speed of the object (choice G) are given in the initial description, and the scientists don't disagree on the density of Earth's atmosphere (choice H). Once again, your familiarity with the content, in this case comets and asteroids, is not important. What is important is your ability to read two different points of view and quickly hone in on similarities and differences. Even if you knew nothing about comets or asteroids, it would be possible to get this question right by using critical reading skills. Here's a summary chart of the types of questions you'll see on ACT Science: Type of Question Skills Needed Number of Questions (Percent of Questions) Data Representation Read and understand data About 15 questions (35%) Research Summaries Interpret the design and results of experiments About 18 questions (50%) Conflicting Viewpoints Compare, contrast, and analyze opposing viewpoints About 7 questions (15%) Bottom Line If you can read and interpret graphs, charts, and tables, analyze differing opinions, and understand the scientific method and study design, you will do well on ACT Science. This section tests your scientific skills, not your knowledge of scientific facts. As you practice for this section, focus on how well you are able to quickly read and understand data and experiments. Also make sure you are able to compare different viewpoints and find similarities and differences. Doing specific ACT preparation and using practice questions will help you see if your scientific reasoning skills are strong enough to do well on this section. What’s Next? If you haven't already, check out ourUltimate Study Guide For ACT Science.It contains dozens of ACT Science guides going into every question type tested, strategies to tackle the questions, and how you should be organizing your prep to raise your score. Now that you know what the ACT science section tests, try out a full practice science section with free, official ACT practice tests online. The ACT’s science section is just one factor that sets the ACT apart from the SAT. What are the other differences between the ACT and SAT? Find out with our comparison here, and learn for sure which test you’ll do better on. Do you have advanced science skills you want to show to colleges? Learn about AP Tests and SAT Subject Tests, which both have specific science options like Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.