Comapre and Contrast Qualitative and Quantitative free essay sample

Thoroughly analyze subjective and quantitative ways to deal with research This paper will investigate the 3 articles underneath comparable to subjective and quantitative ways to deal with research concentrating on the plan and techniques utilized in each examination including testing, information assortment and information investigation. The principal picked article by Winkens et al. (2006) utilizes a subjective strategy to take a gander at the indications of mental gradualness in the stroke populace. Toulotte, Thevenon, Watelain and Fabre (2006) utilizes a case correlation quantitative investigation to distinguish solid older fallers and non-fallers by step examination under double undertaking conditions and the investigation by Girou, Loyeau, Legrand, Oppein and Brun-Buisson (2002) utilizes a randomized clinical path (RCT) to discover the viability of hand scouring with liquor based arrangements versus standard hand washing with clean cleanser. The reason for research contemplates is to investigate the data inside the given condition and consider their reasonability and viability and whether these can add an incentive for students to the general understanding (Sarantakos 1993). The term ‘Research’ can comprise of various implications, research enquires can be characterized as; a systematic, formal and exact procedure utilized to pick up answers for issues and to find and decipher new realities and connections. (Three step dance and Bausell 1981, p. 1). The objectives of exploration are to define questions and expect to discover the responses to those inquiries. The quick objectives of examination are classified as investigation, depiction, expectation, clarification and activity, where they give a methodology to making sense of which inquiries to pose and which answers to look for (Sarantakos 1993). Analysts can choose the kind of examination they need to carryout as indicated by which techniques would suit their exploration. Subjective examination is an orderly strategy for request which follows a logical top to bottom technique for critical thinking straying in specific ways (Thomas and Nelson 2001). With subjective examination a theory is frequently not given toward the start of exploration considers and creates as the information unfurls. The analyst is the essential information authority and analyser. Information can be gathered by means of meetings, perceptions and analyst structured instruments (Thomas et al. 001). The objective of subjective examination is the improvement of ideas which causes us to comprehend social wonders in characteristic (as opposed to test) settings, giving due accentuation to the implications, encounters, and perspectives on all the members (Pope and Mays 1995). The specialist can increase a knowledge into another person’s sees, supposition s, sentiments and convictions all inside characteristic settings (Hicks 1999). A quantitative exploration technique was initially evolved in the common sciences to contemplate characteristic marvels (Bryman 1988). This can be pictured as it utilizes numerical types of portrayal which at that point can be introduced in types of charts and tables (Denscombe 2003). Quantitative exploration is related with a wide range of ways to deal with information assortment; the principle central attributes are as per the following; the methodology is worried about getting numerical data which can be dissected utilizing insights, where it doesn't have to go past the utilization of what is expressed as ‘Descriptive’ (Silverman 2000, p 26). The structure that proof should take has prompted an enthusiastic discussion about conceivable methodological methodologies. Cormack (2000) recommended that the system segment in exploration ought to unmistakably express the examination way to deal with be utilized, to ask whether the technique is suitable to the exploration issue and whether the qualities and shortcomings of the picked approach are expressed. As per Hardey and Mulhall (1994), the philosophy segment ought to incorporate a general depiction of the examination structure and subtleties of the proposed technique. It is imperative to give a careful portrayal of how the examination occurred and to incorporate all the means taken so as to permit different perusers to follow the article. The article by Winkens et al. (2006) utilizes a semi-organized meeting which is directed based on a free structure comprising of open finished inquiries that characterize the region to be investigated, in any event at first, and from which the questioner or interviewee may separate so as to seek after a thought in more detail (Britten 1995). The utilization of semi-organized polls has numerous points of interest and impediments. Points of interest incorporate the adaptability of the questioner permitting them to catch up on any unforeseen reactions and to eek explanation on any answers. It gives a profundity of data just as an expansiveness of data. The inconveniences of utilizing semi-organized meetings are the investigation of information acquired is frequently entangled and tedious and the information may contain immaterial data. In this examination it was recognized that there could have been some predisposition when utilizing semi-organized meetings as it empowered the questione rs to control the meetings and accordingly the patients answers, toward previous speculations. The creators of this examination identified the purpose behind the utilization of this technique and along these lines they supported its utilization. They recommended that as the examination was an explorative in nature it required an expansive methodology (Winkens et al. 2006). Utilizing this methodology can cause irregularities between the meetings and consequently can impact the result of the meeting. Each exertion ought to be made to keep the scrutinizing comparative. In the event that a conversation is made in one meeting, at that point that theme ought to be made accessible to the following interviewee, etc. The examination by Wikens et al. 2005) proposed that they utilized a normalized strategy to manage the meeting, anyway in the article it isn't expressed what this normalized methodology was. By not expressing the system it would be hard for another examination to rehash this investigation and get comparable outcomes making it less dependable. When taking a gander at the fu ndamental themes in the meeting that were utilized in the examination by Wilkens et al. (2005) members may have deciphered the inquiries posed in an alternate manner. Questioners along these lines need to guarantee that the inquiries they pose are comprehended by the members.

Management of Change

School/Portfolio:| The Business School| Course Code/ID:| BUMKT5901| Course Title:| Marketing| Teaching Location:| MIT Melbourne| Program(s): | MBA| Author:| Kimble Montagu/Robert Errey| Level:| Introductory | Semester:| Insert| Prerequisite(s):| Nil | Corequisite(s):| Nil| Exclusion(s):| Nil| Credit Points/Progress Units:| 15| ASCED Code:| 080505| Adopted Reference Style APAhttp://www. ballarat. edu. au/library/task and-examination help/referencing/apa-style 1COURSE Organization: 1. 1Handbook/sFor full subtleties of projects and school strategies, it would be ideal if you allude to the University of Ballarat handbook and The Business School Programs Handbooks accessible at: http://www. ballarat. edu. au/current-understudies/distributions,- strategies and-structures/handbook/2012 http://www. ballarat. edu. au/business/handbooks Important data situated in the handbooks incorporates: * Student obligation * Special Consideration procedure and structures * Submission of errands and assign ments * Appeal process * Unsatisfactory advancement †Early Intervention * Grading codes 1. 2StaffThe most proper contact is your instructor. In the event that essential they will contact the Course Coordinator at the University of Ballarat. | Coordinator| Lecturer| Tutor| Name:| Kimble Montagu| Kimble Montagu| N/a| Phone:| 0437 443 323| 0437 443 323| | Fax:| | Email:|  k. [emailâ protected] edu. au|  k. [emailâ protected] edu. au| | Office:| | Web:| | 1. 3Classes | Monday| Tuesday| Wednesday| Thursday| Friday| Saturday| Sunday| Morning| | Afternoon| | Evening| | Insert significant time(s)/day(s)â€then erase this messageStudents are reminded that class participation is crucial. While it is valued that work responsibilities can encroach upon class participation you should know that there is something else entirely to picking up Marketing than simply perusing the content or potentially the talk slides. Investment in class activities and conversations, seeing DVDs, teaming up with your gathering individuals and different cohorts all add to an a lot more extravagant learning experience. On the off chance that you are going to miss all or a portion of a class, at that point you have to tell the speaker and your gathering individuals what is happening.History has indicated that understudies who miss classes battle to accomplish the higher evaluations. 1. 4Consultation Hours By arrangementâ€please email for an arrangement. 1. 5Prescribed Text This subject will be directed on the assumption that understudies have a duplicate of: Iacobucci, D. (2012) MM3. Bricklayer, OH: South-Western Cengage. 1. 6Plagiarism Plagiarism is introducing another person fill in as your own and is a genuine offense with genuine results. As set out in the University Regulation 6. 1. 1, understudies who are discovered copying will, for a first offense, be given a zero imprint for that task.A second offense will bring about a bombing grade for the course(s) included and any ensu ing offense will be alluded to the Student Discipline Committee. Understudy must know about the University Regulation 6. 1. 1 Student Plagiarism, accessible at http://www. ballarat. edu. au/enactment/6. 1. 1-written falsification. The connection to the library site for more data is: http://www. ballarat. edu. au/library/task and-exploration help/referencing Students must: * completely reference the source(s) of all material, regardless of whether you have re-communicated the thoughts, realities or portrayals; * recognize every single direct citation; and not submit work that has been investigated and composed by someone else Turnitinâ€this programming application permits understudies to check their assignments for referencing and reference exclusion or inaccurate summarizing. Put an announcement here about how/where to present the assignments 1. 7UBOnline UBOnline is utilized to have course assets for all courses. Understudies can download talk and instructional exercise notes to help class interest. Understudies login to the UBOnline at https://ubonline. ballarat. edu. au/login/list. php. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ 2OBJECTIVES: 2. 1General remarks The destinations of this course are to acquaint with you the major standards and practices of advertising and to build up your capacity to comprehend and utilize promoting procedures and strategies. The advancement of your investigative and introduction aptitudes will likewise be underlined in this course. Showcasing plays out a particular job inside the association. It tries to build conviction in the income stream today and into the future (Ambler, Marketing and the main concern, 2000).The way of thinking that supports how this is accomplished can be essentially expressed as looking to comprehend and fulfill client needs and needs as a major aspect of the way toward accomplishing the associations targets (Kotler et. al. 2009). To execute this way of thinking to satisfy its job inside an association, showcasing follows a procedure that involves various segments and apparatuses. The clear effortlessness of the errand as depicted above, covers an unpredictability that will keep you occupied with the order for some years.Good advertisers can draw bits of knowledge from the hypothesis, apply it to the everyday and create developments in showcasing action that conveys accomplishment to the association. It is, in this manner, proposed that associations which grasp advertising are more viable and proficient at creating income than that those which don't. A progressively specialized clarification of the way toward showcasing is that organizations mean to convey an incentive to their clients in a scope of circumstances and settings by means of an item or a service.The idea of significant worth is one we think about right off the bat in the course. Organizations for the most part convey an incentive to clients by building up a deliberately arrang ed and oversaw approach and by comprehension their marketsâ€that is, their clients, who are typically partitioned into gatherings of individuals (alluded to as market fragments) who share comparative perspectives or qualities. The thought of recognizing and getting (target) fragments is the premise of customer conduct; a key part of the course.The manner by which organizations really structure, and convey an item or administration to address the issues, needs and requests of their business sectors lies at the very heart of the advertising idea and this is the promoting blend. This multi-faceted point covers the rest of the talk arrangement. There are four key pieces of the showcasing blend we center around: item, value, place (coordinations), and advancement. Actually, there are additionally three other Psâ€people, physical proof and procedure. We don't cover these in this courseâ€not on the grounds that they are not significant but rather in light of the fact that we just don't have the opportunity (they are shrouded in numerous textbooks).Each part of the showcasing blend (and to be sure, of promoting all in all) needs to convey painstakingly arranged an incentive to the marketâ€so we come back to the basic idea of significant worth which lies at the very heart of advertising. The above spotlights on how organizations offer some benefit to clients (known as client esteem). In any case, client esteem additionally has another meaningâ€the budgetary worth clients give firms through their acquisition of merchandise and ventures and the utilization of pre-and post-deal administrations. The money related result related with the company’s promoting program is a basic issue for Boards and senior management.On fruition of this course, you ought to have the option to: 2. 2Knowledge * Recognize and comprehend the central center ideas and procedures of advertising * Explain showcasing and its job in the public eye and distinguish the rules that sup port promoting direction * Describe the assortment of advertising exercises important to satisfy the promoting the executives procedure * Have procured a comprehension of the essential ideas and procedures of promoting and the standards fundamental the advancement of advertising systems . 3Skills * Select proper techniques and apparatuses for executing advertising methodologies * Demonstrate and apply this information to give answers for promoting issues * Solve showcasing issues, and compose apt scholarly and business reports to meet scholastic and business rules * Differentiate between associations that are showcasing focused and those that are not 2. 4Values Appreciate the advertising circumstances that can happen for a scope of items, administrations and thoughts, and the showcasing practices of different associations in people in general and private areas including the not-revenue driven associations * Understand and value the job of the advertiser as one which adds to an organ isation’s objectives through fulfilling the requirements of the purchaser and the more drawn out term needs of society (values/mentalities based goals) 3CONTENT: 3. 1Topics and sub-points may include: See the timetable close to the furthest limit of this course portrayal for a nitty gritty rundown of key themes to be canvassed in this course. You will be acquainted with the advertising idea and its development. The job of advertising in a cutting edge business condition will be talked about remembering the route for which the promoting framework interrelates with impacting factors. Current topical issues, including moral contemplations and green advertising, will be raised. * The basic ideas of ‘value exchange’ and ‘customer value’ will be accentuated. * Marketing’s job inside the association and the hidden standards and methods for advertising dynamic, showcasing arranging, promoting research and the advancement of promoting techniques will b e talked about. You will increase a comprehension of the powers influencing market elements and a prologue to buyer conduct, showcase division, target promoting and situating. * The components of the promoting blend and related ideas will be secured including the item life cycle, new item improvement, brands and bundling, estimating, conveyance and gracefully, publicizing and correspondences. * The association, control and assessment of the showcasing exercises inside a firm will

Collapse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Breakdown - Essay Example The paper will finish up with a basic assessment f Diamond’s book and rundown of the central matters talked about in the entire paper. The writer has prevailing with regards to drawing out his message in the book. He has talked about the reasons with respect to why numerous social orders fallen particularly in the thirteenth and fourteenth hundreds of years. A portion of the reasons as t why the social orders fallen incorporate flare-up of destructive malady (Bubonic Plague), changes in climatic seasons, and war. Because of the above components, numerous individuals in the social orders lost their lives and this prompted the decrease of individuals in the general public. There is likewise the conversation of how the social orders had the option to recuperate from the misfortune. For one, there was fortifying of the military which empowered solid resistance against the individuals from the general public. There was social endurance whereby the way of life of the Mongols was dropped and the social orders grasped the Chinese social conventions. There was augmentation of populace because of increment of birth rates. Thi s made the general public to supplant the individuals who were lost during the war. As per Diamond, social orders crumbled chiefly in the fourteenth century because of the flare-up bubonic plague. Since the social orders were packed, the sickness broadly spread and made parcel of passings the individuals. The episode proceeded up to seventh century whereby by then it had guaranteed a ton of lives. The ailment had spread and had secured most pieces of Asia, Europe a few pieces of north Africa (Diamond 2011 , p. 350). In 1340s, dealers from Mongols and different voyagers aided the spread of the plague along all the exchange courses that were utilized by the Chinese individuals. Constantly 1348, the ailment had spread all through the Mediterranean bowl and most pieces of Western Europe. The other explanation behind the breakdown as indicated by Diamond was the progressions in climatic seasons whereby in 1300 B.C there was a proceeded with cool season for a long time. This made starvation to assault the

Xbox Free Essays

Get Free Xbox Live Membership Codes This strategy requires a glitched code I for one purchased, the code doesn’t work when you attempt to recover it, anyway to the employee’s at Xbox is appeared on their screen as Active and working yet doesn't mention to them what the code is really for (multi month, multi month, year, 4k msp and so forth ) I know what you’re thinking as of now, horse crap? No, attempt it yourself underneath. Note: They could request the code whenever, so be prepared. We will compose a custom article test on Xbox or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Ensure you’re marked in on a NEW silver record each and every time you do this or it won't work. Likewise, on the Silver record round out charging data with a phony location name, ect. Additionally, alter your profile and proverb and everything else, for example, your gamerpicture so it would seem that a genuine record. *Don’t simply race into this strategy without following the bearings expressed above or it won't work! * K8F3V-78HXG-YRRJ4-TW8XQ-RR7M3 1. Go to Xbox. com and jump on Contact Us - Support 2. Starting from the drop menu, pick Xbox Live - Prepaid Codes 3. 3. In the portrayal type â€Å"Help with prepaid codes, very confusing† Or something like that. *Change what you compose here everytime! * 4. At the point when they invite you, simply go with what they state, act ordinary. Tell the Agent a situation, state you got your code for you birthday from your mom. You got the code, recorded it on a bit of paper and intended to utilize it when you required it. At that point, say that you attempted to utilize it and it gave you a mistake code on the xbox. (Be inventive with this story, make it persuading! ) 5. Reveal to them you can’t take the card back in light of the fact that you destroyed the card after you recorded it on a notebook on your PC for covinence. 6. In the event that they request that you investigate the issues just don’t answer for some time, at that point reveal to them it didn’t work, or in the event that they ask what the code was disclose to them it was for whatever you’re wishing to acquire. 7. On the off chance that they ask what the blunder was while recovering, the mistake on xbox. com is â€Å"This code isn't valid† and the blunder on the comfort is â€Å"This code isn’t legitimate. If it's not too much trouble enter a legitimate code. † 8. They will likely continue for some time asking you various inquiries , simply answer the inquiries and feed them the untruths you think they need to hear and you’ll be fine. 9. In the long run they ought to either : Offer you a multi month code as they can’t give you whatever else on the grounds that you don’t have the first card, heighten the solicitation for you and you will get your ideal code by means of email in a couple of days OR they will reveal to you they can’t do anything (If they express this to you, you have fizzled. You should simply end the discussion then X it off and attempt again in an hour or something like that) Step by step instructions to refer to Xbox, Papers

What an education means to me Essay Example for Free

What training intends to me Essay â€Å"Education is a dynamic disclosure of our ignorance† says Will Durant (1885-1981) Education freed me from obliviousness and put me in a high platform to wine and eats with the scholarly people and not unimportant men. Here and there I wonder what my life would have been, without being instructed. Like they state training is costly, at that point why don’t you attempt obliviousness? An existence without instruction is a uninvolved one. In all that I accept â€Å"basics are the mother of all knowledge† thus, cultural advancement is exceptionally reliant on the education level of its resident. Training to me can either be casual instruction or formal training. Casual instruction is a sort of training which is outside the school premises while those of formal are inside the school settings. Casual instruction given to me by my folks helped me a great deal and furnished me with essential aptitudes in human relationship and relational abilities on which I had the option to expand upon. This gave me a starter portion. As a kid, the primary school acquaints me with the fundamental aptitudes, data and demeanor important to flourish in my general public. I was likewise acquaint with the standards of perusing, composing and spelling and even to some fundamental number-crunching. I was additionally acquainted with certain types of expressive arts, rudimentary science and a few types of handiwork. Training instructed me the imaginative utilization of my brain and how to make it work for me in all part of my life. It gave me the limit and capacity to assess data and to foresee future results. I can likewise adequately perceive and assess various perspectives in any event, when contending with my partners or companion and not making a sort of hatred. Instruction additionally prepared me to search out elective arrangements and assess them when there is requirement for such, this I called critical thinking aptitudes. Instruction gave me a superior comprehension of my way of life and condition and furthermore helped me to learn history of my nation, and an understanding into that of others. With all the information and insight from such learning I had the option to incorporate that with some part of my life. Securing of data about the at various times: including conventional trains, for example, writing, history, science, arithmetic was because of instruction and this impact the advancement of each network. Without instruction information and history can not be passed from one age to the next. Instruction additionally impacts my religion and this has guided my convictions and activities. The impact of training on confidence can not be disparaged. Ending my life as a contextual investigation, I used to be somebody with a low confidence until I got the chance to acknowledge what confidence is about and its impact my activities, life in totality. The feeling of prosperity, I. e. my psychological and physical wellbeing has significantly improved. I’m now ready to obtain a few qualities and disposition that is profoundly basic in the serious and dynamic universes of our own. The job of instruction in close to home estimations is significant, in light of the fact that this gave me a chance of self-acknowledgment and self reflection which is pertinent to the attention to my inborn capacities and objectives. Instructions showed me â€Å"morals† which essentially implies acting in a correct way and realizing how to manage individuals. Information on moral practices and moral gauges satisfactory by society and culture must be accomplished by means of training. Everything my religion trained me about ethics was because of my capacity to peruse, think and takes activities, which are all side-effects of instruction. It’s regularly said that where there’s no law there’s no wrongdoing, thus individuals can possibly act well when they are shown the advantages of acting right towards their kindred resident. This just gives limit and capacity to be a productive member of society. Instruction is an essential for a scholarly interest. From mine perspective is instruction just makes individuals regard you and remember you and your accomplishments. I accept there can be a teacher without training and there can’t be a humanized society without instruction. Culture which is a lifestyle must be gained through training and introduction to expressions of the human experience. Development of solid social or potentially formal connections among and between understudies, instructor, others are a portion of the significance of training to my life. Culture is additionally keep up and kept from one age to the next because of training. My most extreme perspective on training is that I will have the option to acquire a living, settle on the correct decision, fortifying my character, gets solid, build up my life elements and carry on with a satisfy life. With my profession I will be useful to my prompt condition. Over all instruction improves a pioneer. I will finish up this piece by citing the expressions of B. F skinner and Jack Stack which says â€Å"Education is the thing that endures when what has been realized has been forgotten†. †B. F. Skinner â€Å"When you offer to the most significant level of reasoning, you get the most elevated level of performance†. - Jack Spack Reference Educators mind asset. (2008). The significance of instruction. Teacher’s mind asset. Recovered July 9, 2008. From www. teachersmind . com

Theres a puter in my car essays

There's a 'puter in my vehicle expositions Its 12:25am on a Friday night. Its exceptionally calm and Officer Peterson (my more youthful sibling) and I are sitting discreetly in the cruiser at the Speedway in the wake of getting some espresso. Peterson comes to over and flips the switch on the PC that sits between the driver and front seats and the natural sound of Windows resounds through the watch vehicle. The PCs work area opens and there are two symbols that dont look natural, one is for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and the other is for the Law Enforcement Agencies Data System (LEADS). Official Peterson taps on the NCIC symbol which raises an immediate association with the NCIC page at the FBIs site. He smiles and starts laughing as he types my name into the framework, the machine delays and afterward the page goes clear, the light in the watch vehicle darken for a second before the page is revived. I take a gander at my sibling and as the light returns, he focuses at the screen and there it is... all my da ta. From my location, telephone number, age, spot of birth, to my government managed savings number, drivers permit number and driving record. I didnt even have the opportunity to react when a bring came over the radio, the voice of a female gets out something about a household aggravation and clatters off a location that I scarcely get. Official Peterson taps on the LEADS symbol on his PC and the data of the call is shown quickly on the framework. As we pull out of the Speedway, Peterson flips on his alarm and looks down, taps on another symbol on the work area and a guide springs up that shows the specific area of the call. In this paper, we will examine the kinds of frameworks utilized, programming and databases utilized, the advantages and issues of PCs in watch vehicles and furthermore address issues of protection that have come up because of this sort of data being accessible. The frameworks utilized in watch vehicles are called Mobile Data Terminals (MDT) which are eithe... <!

Theories Explaining Physical Features of Humans - 1650 Words

Theories Explaining Physical Features of Humans (Research Paper Sample) Content: Theories Explaining Physical Features of HumansStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstitutional AffiliationTheories explaining physical features of humansThere have been several differences in the physical appearances between people from different natives. For example, the skin complexion has always varied among individuals coming from different parts of the world. This, however, has not been taken for what it is. For example, people have misused these differences and thus ended up discriminating one another. The wide range of varying skin complexions has brought about racism which is extreme in some parts of the universe that those with the minority happen to have their lives at risk. In addition to that, some people feel like their complexion is more precious than the others and, as a result, diminished other people. Some of whose personal esteems end up lowered beyond recovery that they opt for different mechanisms to change their colors. This is evident in the upcoming cases of bleaching oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s skin, so they become lighter.This is currently affected by the use of certain soaps, pills and body creams. Research also indicates that some skin types are being used as commodities. This is especially the Albino-white skin which has increased cases of kidnapping just to get that skin and earn from it. In addition to that, the white skinned complexions happen to enjoy certain privileges. This is evidenced from the times of the colonial regime were only the blacks were exposed to hard labor and especially working under the sun. It also has been shown that the white in complexion have used this advantage or disadvantage as a property. This is as proved in the United States where the white Americans were recognized in the better rights and privileges that were even outlined in their bill of rights. It was also noted that, in the Colonial India, the white Indians were granted more favors and rights which the native ones were denied.In addition to that, peo ple have also been discriminated on grounds of more of their physical appearances apart from skin. For instance, the eye color with some being blue, others yellow at certain times among other colors have also caused discriminations among the human race. Hair loss has also been used to create a split among people. This has especially affected those who happen to lose their hair and in most cases end up bald at tender ages. There has also been the growth of tufts of hair in the nose and ears of different people. This has caused some of them to undergo rejection from the society because of their appearance. These are only few of the different physical manifestations of man that have caused much pain than happiness among others.It should and must be understood that no one decides to be whom they are. It should also be appreciated among men the fact that no one is a lesser being than the other because of their appearance. This is of course supported by the fact that our potentials are al ways within us. All these discriminations have caused hostility among people, and yet that should not be the case. It is only fair that we appreciate one another for who we are. We should also understand the fact that some of our appearances are so in order to sustain us in the climates of the different environments in which we have inhabited. It is because of these reasons that we opted to look deep into the disparities in the physical form of people. In this research, we explored the different theories that try to explain the causes of these variations hoping that people will now understand and become more reasonable.To begin with, of the diverse theories trying to explain the disparities in the skin color of man, we opted for the theory of evolution. This is because it gives clear facts on the issue and has exhausted the whole affair. It has of course been affected by a series of researches. They are from several anthropologists including Jablonski who is a specialist in the fiel d and Chaplain who is an expert in the field of Biochemistry. This theory dates back to more than 4.5 million years and 2 million years later. When man had come from the rain forest climate, and was adopting life in the East African Savanna. It was at that time that man engaged in several antics in order to meet for his daily living.This included exposure to the sun for longer hours while working. It was at this juncture that the evolution of manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s skin took place at a drastic rate. From her research, Jablonski who now chairs the department of Anthropology at California Academy of Sciences discovered that the mammalian brain is susceptible to overheating. She noted that an increase of almost 6 degrees of its temperature can result to a heart stroke. Therefore, our ancestors who happened to know this came up with sweating which has a cooling effect on the body. Their sweat glands were, however, few and were majorly located on their palms as well as their soles. As the man c ontinued to evolve, the offspring developed more sweat glands in order that they affect more sweating and in turn causing the offspring to be healthier compared to their fore fathers. Human beings have around 2 million sweat glands which are spread all over our bodies. This is after 2 million years following the theory of natural selection. It has been affected by our skins being less hairy when compared with that of our closest ancient relations (chimpanzees).The first theories regarding this issue are dated to years before the 1970s. However, most of them were racist and advanced the split that was among men. In those theories, the white skin was portrayed to be anti-cold temperatures. On the understanding of the impact of the racist theories, researchers decided to get to an exploration of the roots of all this. In her discoveries, Jablonski explained skin color with close reference to either the plenty or lack of vitamins in a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s body. She was able to find out a study conducted in 1978 which focused on the effects that the Ultra Violet rays have on the folate vitamins. The folate is a constituent of the vitamins B complex. She found out that a single hour of exposure to intense sunlight was enough. In that, that exposure decreases the folate levels to as less as half of its composition if your skin is light in color. She later came into the co-relation between the neutral-tube defects like anencephaly and low folate levels. Anencephaly is a condition in which an infant is born either without a full brain if not a spinal cord. This was with Chap lainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s involvement when they suspected that skin colors of different people across the universe resulted from the intensity of the UV light that they received. It earlier had been noted that hairless skin was at a greater risk of destruction by sunlight. It was supported with the relationship that exists between skin cancer and sunlight. The scientists then presumed that man evolved melanin . This is a pigment responsible for the absorption and dispersion of UV light. They also found out that sunburned nipples would debilitate breast feeding putting the minorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life at risk. This problem would be solved by a slight tan among the mothers and thus most women opted for it especially in their early months of pregnancy. From their research (chaplain and Jabslonki), it resulted to anencephaly.A majority of people thus ended up being in preference of using male contraceptives to solve this. It happened to be effective since it contained a foliate inhibitor which is crucial for the development of sperms. It thus override all foliate in the body which if not would be the reason behind dark skin. In 1960, they came up with the discovery that skin color was a result of the bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s need for vitamin D, which is majorly, obtained from the UV light rays via absorption through the melanin cells. Vitamin D is known to support absorption of calcium into the bones enha ncing development of an unborn. This was evidenced in a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s need for this vitamin. While in the family way in which causes them to be lighter than they always are as well as being lighter than men. People living at the northern hemisphere where the in... Theories Explaining Physical Features of Humans - 1650 Words Theories Explaining Physical Features of Humans (Research Paper Sample) Content: Theories Explaining Physical Features of HumansStudentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstitutional AffiliationTheories explaining physical features of humansThere have been several differences in the physical appearances between people from different natives. For example, the skin complexion has always varied among individuals coming from different parts of the world. This, however, has not been taken for what it is. For example, people have misused these differences and thus ended up discriminating one another. The wide range of varying skin complexions has brought about racism which is extreme in some parts of the universe that those with the minority happen to have their lives at risk. In addition to that, some people feel like their complexion is more precious than the others and, as a result, diminished other people. Some of whose personal esteems end up lowered beyond recovery that they opt for different mechanisms to change their colors. This is evident in the upcoming cases of bleaching oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s skin, so they become lighter.This is currently affected by the use of certain soaps, pills and body creams. Research also indicates that some skin types are being used as commodities. This is especially the Albino-white skin which has increased cases of kidnapping just to get that skin and earn from it. In addition to that, the white skinned complexions happen to enjoy certain privileges. This is evidenced from the times of the colonial regime were only the blacks were exposed to hard labor and especially working under the sun. It also has been shown that the white in complexion have used this advantage or disadvantage as a property. This is as proved in the United States where the white Americans were recognized in the better rights and privileges that were even outlined in their bill of rights. It was also noted that, in the Colonial India, the white Indians were granted more favors and rights which the native ones were denied.In addition to that, peo ple have also been discriminated on grounds of more of their physical appearances apart from skin. For instance, the eye color with some being blue, others yellow at certain times among other colors have also caused discriminations among the human race. Hair loss has also been used to create a split among people. This has especially affected those who happen to lose their hair and in most cases end up bald at tender ages. There has also been the growth of tufts of hair in the nose and ears of different people. This has caused some of them to undergo rejection from the society because of their appearance. These are only few of the different physical manifestations of man that have caused much pain than happiness among others.It should and must be understood that no one decides to be whom they are. It should also be appreciated among men the fact that no one is a lesser being than the other because of their appearance. This is of course supported by the fact that our potentials are al ways within us. All these discriminations have caused hostility among people, and yet that should not be the case. It is only fair that we appreciate one another for who we are. We should also understand the fact that some of our appearances are so in order to sustain us in the climates of the different environments in which we have inhabited. It is because of these reasons that we opted to look deep into the disparities in the physical form of people. In this research, we explored the different theories that try to explain the causes of these variations hoping that people will now understand and become more reasonable.To begin with, of the diverse theories trying to explain the disparities in the skin color of man, we opted for the theory of evolution. This is because it gives clear facts on the issue and has exhausted the whole affair. It has of course been affected by a series of researches. They are from several anthropologists including Jablonski who is a specialist in the fiel d and Chaplain who is an expert in the field of Biochemistry. This theory dates back to more than 4.5 million years and 2 million years later. When man had come from the rain forest climate, and was adopting life in the East African Savanna. It was at that time that man engaged in several antics in order to meet for his daily living.This included exposure to the sun for longer hours while working. It was at this juncture that the evolution of manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s skin took place at a drastic rate. From her research, Jablonski who now chairs the department of Anthropology at California Academy of Sciences discovered that the mammalian brain is susceptible to overheating. She noted that an increase of almost 6 degrees of its temperature can result to a heart stroke. Therefore, our ancestors who happened to know this came up with sweating which has a cooling effect on the body. Their sweat glands were, however, few and were majorly located on their palms as well as their soles. As the man c ontinued to evolve, the offspring developed more sweat glands in order that they affect more sweating and in turn causing the offspring to be healthier compared to their fore fathers. Human beings have around 2 million sweat glands which are spread all over our bodies. This is after 2 million years following the theory of natural selection. It has been affected by our skins being less hairy when compared with that of our closest ancient relations (chimpanzees).The first theories regarding this issue are dated to years before the 1970s. However, most of them were racist and advanced the split that was among men. In those theories, the white skin was portrayed to be anti-cold temperatures. On the understanding of the impact of the racist theories, researchers decided to get to an exploration of the roots of all this. In her discoveries, Jablonski explained skin color with close reference to either the plenty or lack of vitamins in a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s body. She was able to find out a study conducted in 1978 which focused on the effects that the Ultra Violet rays have on the folate vitamins. The folate is a constituent of the vitamins B complex. She found out that a single hour of exposure to intense sunlight was enough. In that, that exposure decreases the folate levels to as less as half of its composition if your skin is light in color. She later came into the co-relation between the neutral-tube defects like anencephaly and low folate levels. Anencephaly is a condition in which an infant is born either without a full brain if not a spinal cord. This was with Chap lainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s involvement when they suspected that skin colors of different people across the universe resulted from the intensity of the UV light that they received. It earlier had been noted that hairless skin was at a greater risk of destruction by sunlight. It was supported with the relationship that exists between skin cancer and sunlight. The scientists then presumed that man evolved melanin . This is a pigment responsible for the absorption and dispersion of UV light. They also found out that sunburned nipples would debilitate breast feeding putting the minorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s life at risk. This problem would be solved by a slight tan among the mothers and thus most women opted for it especially in their early months of pregnancy. From their research (chaplain and Jabslonki), it resulted to anencephaly.A majority of people thus ended up being in preference of using male contraceptives to solve this. It happened to be effective since it contained a foliate inhibitor which is crucial for the development of sperms. It thus override all foliate in the body which if not would be the reason behind dark skin. In 1960, they came up with the discovery that skin color was a result of the bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s need for vitamin D, which is majorly, obtained from the UV light rays via absorption through the melanin cells. Vitamin D is known to support absorption of calcium into the bones enha ncing development of an unborn. This was evidenced in a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s need for this vitamin. While in the family way in which causes them to be lighter than they always are as well as being lighter than men. People living at the northern hemisphere where the in...

ACT Geometry Practice and Tips

The Math section on the ACT challenges you with several types of questions. About 12 to 15 percent of those questions are related to geometry. Putting a few easy tips into practice can help you to perform your best on the ACT geometry questions. Memorize Formulas As you prep for these questions, it’s a good idea to memorize some basic formulas of geometry. Some formulas are not provided for you on the test. A few examples include: Volume = (area of base) (height) Circle circumference = 2Ï€r Circle area = Ï€r2 Rectangle = lwh When you memorize basic geometry formulas, you’ll be able to work through the questions in a timely and efficient way. Of course, knowing the formulas is not enough: You must be able to put them into practice. Take Timed Practice Tests Working through ACT geometry practice questions is an essential part of preparing for this section of the test. However, don’t forget to time your practice tests. You have 60 minutes to complete all 60 questions on the ACT Math section. This means you have no more than a minute to dedicate to each one. Chances are good that you’ll spend just a few seconds on some questions and up to 30 seconds on others. Completing a timed practice test is an excellent way to establish a test-taking rhythm so you know when to move on to the next problem. You can always skip a problem that is especially puzzling and return to it later on. Ideally, you want to finish the Math section with a few minutes to spare so you can review your answers. Analyze Incorrect Answers to Practice Questions Analyzing the answers to your ACT geometry practice questions should be part of your test prep. If you got an answer wrong, it’s important to go back and look at your work. Where did you make the mistake? You may find that you’ve made the same mistake on other problems. This is helpful information because once you’re aware of it, you can avoid making the same error again. An important question to ask is, â€Å"Why did I make that mistake?† You may find that you rushed through a problem, forgetting part of the formula, or perhaps you calculated the area when the question asked for the perimeter. Being aware of why you made a mistake can help you refocus and avoid making the same errors. Draw Diagrams and Shapes You can use scratch paper on the ACT. Drawing shapes and diagrams can help you to organize the elements of each geometry question. Also, you can write down the formula for a problem as well as its steps so you can review what went wrong if your answer is not among the options. It’s unnecessary to mentally picture a shape labeled with all of its measurements as well as the formula that goes with the problem. Using your scratch paper saves time and can clarify each step in the process. Eliminate Wrong Answer Choices Another tip to remember as you practice ACT geometry problems is to get into the habit of eliminating answer options that are clearly incorrect. Dealing with fewer answer options can make a problem look a lot simpler. Also, it can help you complete all of the problems more quickly. Practice Throughout the Day It’s a good idea to create a detailed study schedule that includes practicing your geometry skills for the ACT. In addition to that, try reviewing geometry problems throughout the day. One idea is to make flashcards that display the different formulas you need to memorize. Keep them in your bag or pocket to review while you’re standing in line to buy lunch, waiting for the bus, or waiting for class to begin. Studying and reviewing throughout the day gives you several more opportunities to sharpen your geometry skills outside of your formal study time. The professional instructors at Veritas Prep are experts when it comes to geometry, algebra, statistics, and every other type of math on the ACT. In fact, we can prep you for all sections of the test! You’ll study with an instructor who scored in the 99th percentile on the exam. Plus, we give you several options so you can study for the ACT in a way that is most convenient for you. We have online and in-person courses, private tutoring, and On Demand instruction. Call today and give us the opportunity to guide you toward excellence on the ACT!

Essay about The American Economy - 1358 Words

The American Economy The American economy is a vibrant, free-market system that is constantly developing out of the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who play multiple, often overlapping roles as consumers, producers, investors and voters. The changes in the organization and performances of the manufacturing industry over the last century have helped shape the American economy. The Automotive industry perhaps made the biggest changes to their manufacturing processes. I will be reviewing the role of the industrialist Henry Ford and his innovative methods that changed the organization and performance of the American manufacturing industry forever. He produced an affordable car, paid high wages and helped create a middle†¦show more content†¦Henry Ford invented neither the automobile nor the assembly line, but developed each to dominate a new era in organization and production of motor cars. By improving the assembly line so that the Model T could be produced more cheaply, Ford placed the power of the automobile within reach of the average citizen. He transformed the automobile itself from a luxury item for the rich to a necessity for all. When the design of the Model T proved successful, Ford turned to the problem of producing the car in large volumes and at a low unit cost. The solution was found in the moving assembly line. After more experimentation, in 1913 the Ford Motor Company displayed to the world the complete assembly-line mass production of motor vehicles. The technique consisted of two basic elements: a conveyor system and the limitation of each worker to a single repetitive task. Despite its deceptive simplicity, the technique required elaborate planning and synchronization. The first Ford assembly line permitted only very minor variations in the basic model, a limitation that was compensated for by the low cost. The price of the Model T touring car dropped from $950 in 1908 to $360 in 1916, and yet the profit per car remained the same, at about $100 per car. The 1920s saw Fords new plant at River Rouge opened. It was nearly self-sufficient, with all the components needed to manufacture the car, contr olled and owned by Ford. General Motors at this time beganShow MoreRelatedAmerican Economy Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Economy is the most dominant economy in the world and has been one that many countries have tried to replicate. Let’s take a look at how the American Economy is so dominant and why. There are many important numbers to base an economy off of, however, we are only going to look into some of the most vital numbers that really illustrate why the United States is the world’s leading economy. These numbers consist of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the total amount of goods and servicesRead More An American Economy Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesAn American Economy Globalization is a very pressing issue in the American culture today. Within any economy, globalization will cause many problems while at the same time solving many others. This is true because there are many factors involved with globalization, one of the most important being job outsourcing. While at first glance and from what the media reports, job outsourcing is definitely not healthy for the economy. However on upon closer inspection, the reverse may be true. Job outsourcingRead MoreSlavery And The American Economy1284 Words   |  6 Pageswas a legal institution in which humans were legally considered property of another. In the 18th century, new ideas of human rights and freedom emerged out of the European Enlightenment stretching across the Americas and Europe. 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According to crops online, a gambling website (2009), gambling is classified as an old game taking place in China back around 2300 B.C. Then around 100 D.C., King of Norway and King of Sweden resolved the District of Hising property by using two dice. In the Mediterranean countries, the deck of card was developed, and especially the French altered the deck by pulling out a manRead MoreImpact of Reaganomics on the American Economy 1014 Words   |  5 Pagesportmanteau for ‘stagnant economy’ and ‘high inflation’. Characterized by high taxes, high unemployment, high interest rates, and low national spirit, America needed to look to something other than Keynesian economics to pull itself out of this low. During the election of 1980, Ronald Reagan’s campaign focused on a new stream of economic policy. His objective was to turn the economy into â€Å"a healthy, vigorous, gr owing economy [which would provide] equal opportunities for all Americans, with no barriers born

Fala - Franklin D. Roosevelts Favorite Dog

Fala, a cute, black Scottish terrier, was President Franklin D. Roosevelts  favorite dog and constant companion in the last years of FDRs life. Where Did Fala Come From? Fala was born on April 7, 1940, and given as a present to FDR by Mrs. Augustus G. Kellog of Westport, Connecticut. After a short stay with FDRs cousin, Margaret Daisy Suckley, for obedience training, Fala arrived at the White House on November 10, 1940. Origin of Falas Name As a puppy, Fala had been originally named Big Boy, but FDR soon changed that. Using the name of his own 15th century Scottish ancestor (John Murray), FDR renamed the dog Murray the Outlaw of Falahill, which quickly became shortened to Fala. Constant Companions Roosevelt doted on the little dog. Fala slept in a special bed near the Presidents feet and was given a bone in the morning and dinner at night by the President himself. Fala wore a leather collar with a silver plate that read, Fala, the White House. Fala traveled everywhere with Roosevelt, accompanying him in the car, on trains, in airplanes, and even on ships. Since Fala had to be walked during long train rides, Falas presence often revealed that President Roosevelt was on board. This led the Secret Service to codename Fala as the informer. While in the White House and while traveling with Roosevelt, Fala met many dignitaries including British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Mexican President Manuel Camacho. Fala entertained Roosevelt and his important visitors with tricks, including being able to sit up, rolling over, jump up, and curl his lip into a smile. Becoming Famous — and a Scandal Fala became a celebrity in his own right. He had appeared in numerous photographs with the Roosevelts, was seen at major events of the day, and even had a movie made about him in 1942. Fala had become so popular that thousands of people wrote him letters, causing Fala to need his own secretary to respond to them. With all this publicity surrounding Fala, Republicans decided to use Fala to slander President Roosevelt. A rumor was spread that President Roosevelt had accidentally left Fala in the Aleutian Islands during a trip there and had then spent millions of taxpayer dollars to send a destroyer back to fetch him. FDR answered these allegations in his famous Fala Speech. In his speech to the Teamsters Union in 1944, FDR said that both he and his family somewhat expected malicious statements to be made about themselves, but that he had to object when such statements were made about his dog. FDRs Death After being President Roosevelts companion for five years, Fala was devastated when Roosevelt passed away on April 12, 1945. Fala rode on the Presidents funeral train from Warm Springs to Washington and then attended President Roosevelts funeral. Fala spent his remaining years living with Eleanor Roosevelt at Val-Kill. Although he had lots of room to run and play with his canine grandson, Tamas McFala, Fala, however, never quite got over the loss of his beloved master. Fala passed away on April 5, 1952, and was buried near President Roosevelt in the rose garden at Hyde Park.

Proposal Draft Sex Education - 869 Words

Proposal Draft: Sex Education in Schools There are many issues throughout the United States, that we as citizens are faced with everyday. Whether it be crime, equality, poverty, or abortion. The teen pregnancy and abortion rates have dropped dramatically within the last ten years. There are several factors that come into effect when trying to figure out why there is such a dramatic decline. The main reason is because of sex education in schools; teaching teens to practice safe sex. The United States are in a period of time where the abortion rate has declined tremendously. â€Å"The latest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) figures indicate not only the lowest current rate of abortion in the United States, but also the largest drop in the rate in 10 years† (Hamby 1). The question is why though? According to Hamby, from JSI Research and Training Institute, long- acting contraceptives use has tripled over the past 10 years. That statistic alone explains a reason as to why teens have not been needing to get an abortion. Not as many girls are getting pregnant because they rely on birth control, because they are taught about it in sex education class. Heather Boonstra, the director of public policy, wrote an article about the decline in abortions and teen pregnancies. â€Å"Pregnancy rates have fallen either because teens are having less sex in the first place or because more teens who are sexually active are using contraceptives and using them more effectively†Show MoreRelatedBill Of Right At The International Level3064 Words   |  13 Pages1948.An ad-hoc drafting committee set up by the commission on human rights and approved by ECOSOC-also met in June 1947 and in May 1948.After the second session of the commission on human rights, the drafts were distributed to all the UN members. 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The original proposal stated, simply, that men and women would have â€Å"equal rights† and that Congress would be given the power to enforce this. If two-thirds of both the Senate and the House voted for this, it would be added to the Constitution. The proposal lacked specificity, which, along with the increase in power it gave to Congress, caused concern. Congress ignored the proposal for the better part of fifty years until Martha Griffiths, a HouseRead MoreText For Thought : Employee Communications1701 Words   |  7 Pagesmessage tasks also are initial audience members (Basu). An example of an Initial audience member at Text for Thought would be if Mr. van Blaine asked Mr. Andrews to prepare a sales presentation for a perspective client. Mr. Andrews will then send a draft of the sales presentation back to Mr. van Blaine to review. If he likes the presentation, he will forward it to Ms. Croft and Mr. Patel to review before presenting it to the potential new client. In this example Mr. van Blaine is the initial audienceRead MoreGender Roles Throughout History : The Odyssey, Romeo And Juliet1515 Words   |  7 Pages TITLE: STUDENT: GRADE: YEAR: SUBJECTS:  First Tesina Draft: Gender Roles throughout History Have you ever been told you couldn’t do something because of who you were? Have you ever felt inferior to someone else for something that was out of your control? Women have always rebelled against their traditional role in society. An illustration of this is how women have succeeded in a male dominated field such as science. We today have evolved greatly socially from the periods of ancientRead MoreEssay on Res3511656 Words   |  7 Pagessparkled, like diamonds in sunlight. 4. Correct. 5. Many musicians of Bach’s time played several instruments, but few mastered them as early or played with as much expression as Bach. Ex. 32-2 A. J. R. R. 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Broking the color lines, which changed housing, transportation and voting. Marshall ruled the Supreme Court case of Brown vs. Board of Education, which ended the separation of black and white children in schools. The NAACP continues to pursue the elimination of racial hatred and racial discrimination by providing services such as legal aid and educational services. The organization hasRead MoreHistory of Mental Health by Mind8472 Words   |  34 Pages(Patients in the Community) Bill proposed new powers regarding the aftercare of people discharged from hospital. Under this bill, some service users could be required to live at a specified address and to attend certain places for treatment, occupation, education or training. The aftercare arrangements for each individual would be kept under review. A supervisor could convey the service user to a place where they were to receive aftercare, but they could not force the person to have treatment against his

Walt Disney A Pioneer Of Cartoon Films And As The...

I can never stand still. I must explore and experiment. I am never satisfied with my work. I resent the limitations of my own imagination ¨ (Disney, 2014). Walter Elias  ¨Walt ¨ Disney is famous as a pioneer of cartoon films and as the founder of The Walt Disney Company. He was an American motion-picture producer, television producer, and a showman. Disney came from humble beginnings but ended up transforming the entertainment industry. Walt Disney had a challenging childhood, grew up and chose a career that would liven up his life, achieved many accomplishments, and left a legacy for years to come. Childhood Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901 in Chicago, Illinois. His father was Elias Disney and his mother was Flora Call Disney.†¦show more content†¦He was rejected for being underage. â€Å"Instead, he joined the Red Cross and was sent to France for a year to drive an ambulance† ( ¨bio. ¨, 2014). Disney returned from France in 1919 and moved back to Kansas City. In Kansas City, Disney started to make cartoons, which were called Laugh-O-Grams. However, soon this company fell bankrupt. Disney had discovered that it was his dream to transform the entertainment industry, so he moved to California to make his dreams a reality. Career At age 21, Disney moved to California with $40 in his pocket (â€Å"Beginnings: Walt Disney’s Early Years†, 2014). In Hollywood, Walt Disney and his brother, Roy began the Disney Brothers’ Studio and began to create more cartoons. Disney faced many business setbacks but, eventually, he created the character that would give him sensational success, Mickey Mouse. Around the same period, Disney married one of his employees, Lillian Bounds. Later, Lillian and Walt would be blessed with two daughters, Diane and Sharon. The success of Mickey Mouse let Walt Disney expand his studio and improve the quality his animations. In 1929, Disney created Silly Symphonies. These one-reel shorts featured MIcky’s newly created friends Minnie Mouse, Goofy, Donald Duck, and Pluto ( ¨bio. ¨, 2014). In 1937, the first full length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, premiered. Astonishingly, the film made $1.499, despite the Depression.

War Brings out the Best and Worst Essay Example For Students

War Brings out the Best and Worst Essay War brings out the best and the worst in human nature. Of course it does. There is no doubt about it. War is clearly a test of human nature. We have war heroes and we have war criminals and we also have war cowards. The heroes obviously bringing out the best in human nature and the criminals bringing out the worst. Its really quite simple. All that we need to do is look at war mongrels. People such as Hitler need to be analyzed. Some of Hitlers ideas as a civil activist were, on a political level only, well thought of. Hitlers ideas of Ethnic cleansing is what makes him a bad person and therefore brought out the worst in him. Hitlers followers had no idea of how powerful he would become and when he got all the power, he did not use it appropriately. When talking about soldiers, bringing out the best would be running through a field and picking up a wounded soldier. This shows the best in human nature and that humans are caring and sensible people. When soldiers follow unlawful commands or commit mass genocide and brutal murders, thats when we see the worst in human nature. As of the end of World War II, obeying orders was no longer a defence for soldiers because they should know the difference between right and wrong. I think it would be safe to say that war brought out the best in Robert Ross. He understood that thousands of lives were depending on him and he came through. He showed that humans can be compassionate, caring, and emotional people. He also died saving all the horses. There are so many events that can bring out the best or worst in humans. Its not only war, but any time or high stress situation. I think that a time of civil disobedience would bring out the best and worst. I think we find though as humans, we have our own fine line of whats right and wrong and usually this line takes us in the right direction.

Malory Western Essay Example For Students

Malory Western Essay Honors Psych 2 2-23-04Analysis of LoveIn the observed couple, the male and female both displayed the rolesof their gender according to the Evolutionary Approach. The guy played hisrole by buying a candy bar to give to the girl, three days in a row. Healso opened a door for her and held her lunch tray while she was diggingthrough her backpack. The girl displayed her role by nurturing him (goingso far as to hand feed him cheetos), and calling him baby. She did notmake conspicuous attempts to use her looks or age to attract him however. Surprisingly, the guy did not act extremely macho or manly in astereotypical nature, but was subtler about it. In accordance with the Psychoanalytic Theory of love, the couple ismost likely in the step of projection. Both the guy and girl (separately)indicated that the other was perfect, flawless. The girl often defends theguy when people poke fun at his intelligence level (she insists he isntdumb). I believe they are together out of shared defenses (both are at thebottom of the high school social caste system and are the subject ofteasing). They really arent very opposite of each other, or very similar. More neutral than anything. I have no idea about their feelings of familyso the repletion reason of choosing a partner should not be ruled out. For the week or so I observed the couple, they seemed to be displayinginfatuous love as indicated by Sternbergs Triangular Theory. There is noquestion whether the relationship contained passion- neither can ever seemto keep their hands off the other, regardless of where they are or what isgoing on around them. They also show a high level of commitment (the guyfaithfully waits outside of every class for her, the girl is currently on amission to have the guy accompany her on a trip to New York she is taking,although he is not qualified to do so as he does not play an instrument. The couple does seem to lack the emotional component, and from myobservations there appears to be no intimacy. From the Love as a Story Theory, the couple looks as if they aredisplaying the Government Story. The girl holds power over the guy, anddisplaying this by ordering him around and making conditions he must meet. When he breaks a condition, she punishes him by getting visibly upset, andignoring him. I believe both people in this relationship are anxious/ambivalent. They areboth preoccupied with relationship issues, and both have the desire to beextremely close and are clingy. Im not sure of the details of their homelives, so I cannot say if they are searching for this sort of relationshipbecause of unpredictable parents or not. However, it could relate to theshared defenses of the couple that enables them to be so clingy (they drawstrength from one another?). To be honest, I have not learned much about love from this assignment. However, I realized that attraction plays a very strong role inrelationships, as does power and background (home, social, etc.) Thisprobably hasnt changed the way Ill look at future relationships, becauseit is very difficult to say you have learned something and to then apply itto life. Maybe Ill be wearier of the power factor in relationships, buttruthfully I doubt it will be in the front of my mind.

Oil Deregulation in the Philippines free essay sample

Contained in a November 5, 1997 Supreme Court decision, which deemed the first oil deregulation law, the Republic Act No. 8180, to be unconstitutional1, is a brief history of the Philippine oil industry. Due to an oil crisis occurrence in 1997, the government created the Oil Industry Commission (OIC) to regulate the goings-on of businesses working with oil. The OIC can fix prices of petroleum products, control refinery capacities, license new refineries, and regulate the general operations of affected businesses. The digest also pointed out the control of foreign companies over the industry, where almost every operations in the country at the time is owned by these companies. To break the foreigners control, with President Marcos initiative, the Philippine National Oil Corporation (PNOC). PNOC, operating as PETRON, was the first Philippine-owned Corporation in the market. The Oil Price Stabilization Fund (OPSF) was then created,2 in 1984, as a buffer against the fluctuations in oil prices. Basically, the OPSF compensates by allowing companies to reimburse from the fund whenever prices change due to either exchange rate adjustments or world oil market prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil Deregulation in the Philippines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Caltex, Shell, and PNOC, or Petron, were the only three remaining oil companies in the country came 1985. Under the Cory Aquino administration, the Energy Regulatory Board (ERB) was created with the purpose of, much the same as the functions of the OIC, regulating operations of oil companies with the addition of paying the OPSF to recover the importers expense from importing whenever there is petroleum product-deficit to temporarily adjust price levels, among others. 3 Department of Energy (DOE) was created on December 9, 1992, with its focus to privatize energy-related government agencies, to deregulate power and energy industry, and to reduce oil-fired plants dependency resulting to Petrons privatization in 1993. 4 In March 1996, Republic Act No. 8180, which is the law discussed in the Supreme Court decision, was enacted. This law aims to expel all government control over the oil industry and is to be done within two phases. Phase one, the transition phase which started in August 1996, aims to take away control over non-pricing related aspects while phase two, the full deregulation phase, now includes the pricing itself, which abolishes the OPSF. To make things official, six months after the first phase, President Ramos signed an Executive Order that fully deregulates the oil industry. The passage of the bill incited protests from groups with the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (Bayan). In October 1997, because of a strike, the Supreme Court issued a temporary restraining order (TRO) against the law and, eventually, deemed as unconstitutional in the decision being discussed earlier on. 5 Its unconstitutionality was because of the violation against a Constitutional provision that states the State shall regulate or prohibit monopolies when public interest so requires. No combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition shall be allowed. †6 The Supreme Court points out that the act does not make a truly competitive market because of the 4% difference on the tax imposition on existing businesses versus new comers. Two months after, the act was replaced by the now-existing R. A. No. 8479. The newer act retains almost everything except the unconstitutional provisions present in the previous law. A petition was filed by Cong. Enrique Garcia criticizing the very short duration (five months) before the full deregulation phase be effective provided in Section 19 of the Act. Garcia states that the provided duration is too short, making it hard for new comers, and the market will still dominated by the big three, making it unconstitutional because theres still monopoly/oligopoly. The high court, however, denied the petition on the grounds, basically, that the argument of the petitioner is not against the law itself, but just against the timeliness of the provided duration for the full deregulation phase. 7 Fast-forward to today, many petitions has been filed to repeal or amend the act but not one has been actually successful. The most controversial issue surrounding the act is the overpriced petroleum products and frequent increases, with vague reasons, but seldom rollbacks like a two-step-forward-one-step-backward situation. Even though there are more than 600 companies in the industry and competition seems to be fair within the oil industry,8 the problem still exists the high prices of petroleum products which has a domino effect to everything in the country. Economically, is it really favorable to the Filipino people or the favor only applies to the corporations involved in the downstream oil industry? If the latter is the answer, then it’s affecting the Filipino majority negatively, meaning the deregulation of the oil industry is actually unconstitutional because it violates the for-the-people essence of our constitution. B. Statement of the Problem The 1987 Constitution has entailed the adaptation of an implicit competition policy framework which refers to all laws, government policies and regulations aimed at the establishment and maintenance of competition that aims to promote, advance, and ensure competitive market conditions by the removal, as well as to redress anti-competitive results of, public and private restrictive practices. In effect, Philippine legislature has been adamant in ratifying laws both in realization of this provision and the protection of consumers, examples of which are R. A. No. 3247 (An Act to Prohibit Monopolies and Combinations in Restraint of Trade), The Philippine Corporation Code Batas Pambansa Blg. 68, and Executive Orders signed to increase Trade and Investment Liberalization. 9 Part of the competition policy framework is the liberalization and deregulation of select Philippine industries such as the maritime industry, civil aviation, telecommunications, energy and utilities. However, the actualization of the ideals of the framework seems lacking in the reality that most of these industries remain structurally monopolistic or oligopolistic. A casual observer could commit to the rash conclusion of the ineffectiveness of the changed stance of the Philippine government. 10 The Oil Deregulation law was enacted to address this new framework of the Constitution. The law seeks to attain â€Å"a truly competitive market that runs with fair prices and a suitable supply of environmentally-clean and high quality petroleum products. 11† The oil industry brought in a fair amount of new competitors, now there are about 600 competitors in the market and it’s safe to say that the law is achieving its goal. But for years it has been Petron Corp, Chevron Corp. , and Pilipinas Shell that are enjoying high market revenues. Up until now, the big three have remain to be most profitable in the market. Notably Petron Corp. at the top, followed by Pilipinas Shell and Chevron Corp. The big three still have 68% of the market share, which has improved from before but still with over a hundred of competitors, the number is staggering and it remains a question why the big three are still controlling the industry even with the oil deregulation law is in effect for 15 years. With the Constitution’s anti-monopolistic agenda particularly, Sec. 19 Article XII â€Å"which commands the state to prohibit or regulate monopolies for public interest,† the oil deregulation law have become one of the most questionable laws in the country. 12 The transparency of the oil prices has been an issue for the consumers as oil price hikes have not stopped since the law was approved by the congress. The time when the current oil deregulation law was enacted, February 1998, gasoline costs around just P12. 62 and now it went up to 300% ranging from P48. 65 to P54. 64 per liter. These gasoline prices are being questioned by the consumers for the price hikes are not supported by facts as to why gas prices need to be raise. The people are forced to just accept whatever reason the oil companies and the Department of Energy gives. 13 Given these issues, it would seem that the oil deregulation law is unconstitutional, a fact which the paper seeks to determine. C. Objectives of the Study The objective of the study is to provide a more accurate assessment on the unconstitutionality of the Oil Deregulation Law. The study aims to determine whether the law is constitutional: Does its provisions and effects violates the constitutional provision to achieve market competitiveness for public welfare? Republic Act 8479 will be compared to deregulation laws in other countries. Because of this, the study will be able to give comparison as to the success of other deregulation laws. D. Significance of the Study In the Philippines, the downstream oil industry remains a highly controversial aspect of the economy in spite, or perhaps because of, the implementation of full deregulation that started in 1998. Contrary to expectations, diesel and other petroleum product prices have consistently risen at a seemingly accelerating rate unfair to the average Filipino. Consumers and transport groups alike have thus repeatedly called for temporary or permanent reestablishment of price controls, only to be ignored by a government firm in the belief that deregulation as part of a liberalized approach to the economy will ultimately benefit the country in the long run. It is therefore in both private and public interests that the policy’s actual effect and its constitutionality be tested through empirical analyses. Results should be disseminated and scrupulously explained to the public at large to put to rest the clashing beliefs of the two concerned parties. If it has been found that the oil deregulation law is against the constitution or perhaps failed to induce competitiveness, the government would do well to reconsider and implement new policies or even revise or amend it for the sake of public welfare. If, however, the opposite has been concluded and the oil deregulation is in fact deemed to attain its goals, the government must focus its energies towards ensuring that the expected benefits are actually felt by consumers. A democratic government such us the Philippines’ is, after all, by definition supposed to cater to public interest and welfare. E. Scope and Limitations of the Study The thesis aims to closely determine whether or not R. A. No. 8479, the Downstream Oil Industry Deregulation Act of 1998, is consistent with what the constitution provides for. The researchers will interview lawyers to see if there is an unconstitutional provision within the acts content and from economists to assess if the effects from the acts implementation is really in a positive note. Included in the interview will be possible solutions, amendments or replacements to the still-contentious Oil Deregulation Law. Data-gathering will take place within Metro Manila and during the 2nd term of the academic year 2013 2014. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE INTRODUCTION The researchers will cover four important topics central to the thesis. The first topic covers the Competition Policy framework of the 1987 Constitution. Included here are policies that ensure a competitive environment, which is in line with the goal of the Oil Deregulation Law. Reviewing the framework will help determine whether the law is actually doing its job to keep the playing field levelled, preventing monopolies. The second one will be about the transition from RA 8180 to RA 8479. Using the petition of Rep. Garcia against the R. A. 8479 in August 1999 as a source, the first part of our literature review will discuss the unconstitutional provisions R. A. No. 8180 that was not present in the revamped R. A. No. 8479. To know what transpired before the passage of the RA 8479 is important as it will give context and will direct where the thesis will go. After scrapping all the unconstitutional provision that made the ODL of 1998 to be successfully enacted, does the new law is clear of any constitution-violation? Apparently not, as the third part will discuss the different reasons from various persons and groups why RA 8479 is unconstitutional. Sources used in this part will cover news articles, House and Senate bills. Discussed in this part are bills that seek to either amend or repeal the ODL, the grounds that makes the law unconstitutional and the violated provision in the Constitution. While enumerating the grounds, this part will touch on the effects of the ODL to the oil industry, and to the people. This part is relevant because the grounds that will be listed can be our bases as to what our recommendations will be. The main objective of the ODL is to promote a truly competitive market, but did the law actually do so? The last part of the literature review will give insights about the status of the oil industry as of today. As the main source of the last part, the fairly recent paper entitled Philippine Oil Deregulation and the Oil Crisis: A Policy Issue Paper by Marlou Mumar of University of the Philippines. The paper roughly discusses the oil crisis in general, the ODL and its effects, and various suggested solutions to lessen oil prices. To provide a more broad view on the matter being discussed, the author interviewed five people from different sectors and of different specializations. The Constitution provided in Section 19, Article XII that deregulation must be only allowed if the public needs such action. Thats why its important to know whether or not the law is economically beneficial to the Filipino people, and this policy issue paper will help the researchers determine the same. A. Competition Policy One of the most tremendous shift from the 1973 constitution to the 1987 constitution was the implementation of competition policy framework14 that will make sure that markets in the country is free from anti-competitive practices. This government policy shall promote laws and measures that will maintain the level of competition in markets as well as affect the industry structures. Since then, deregulation of select economic industries, such as civil aviation, telecommunication, electric power, and downstream oil industry, have been implemented. A review of the Philippine Tariff Commission’s statement regarding the competition policy will be used in order to have knowledge on market industries, deregulation, and competition laws in the country. Here, we learn that the oil deregulation law is a product of the competition policy that the 1987 constitution adapted. Competition policy contains actions to keep or create competiveness in economic industries, which taking away the power of the government to take control of it, is included. Deregulation and other measures are used in order to promote economic efficiency. Economic efficiency is comprised of three components namely: (1) Productive efficiency; (2) Allocative efficiency; and (3) Dynamic efficiency. All of these components are essential to achieve competitiveness in markets, correction of market failure, and enhancement of consumer welfare. 15 Market structures are also enumerated and described here. There are five (5) market structures that are given here specifically: (1) Perfect Competition; (2) Monopoly; (3) Natural Monopoly; (4) Monopolistic Competition; and (5) Oligopoly. The first one is the goal of the oil deregulation law, to have a perfect competition in the oil market. In this market structure, there are several players entering in and out of the industry, selling similar products with fair competition. Many argue that the oil industry is an oligopoly of the big three (Petron, Shell, and Caltex), meaning that they can influence the price and output of the market by themselves. This assumption will be studied later on. 16 Sources of market failure are also discussed, which a monopoly can cause. If there is a monopoly in a market, income distribution is minimal. Also, consumer welfare is not guaranteed for monopolistic practices produce abusive price controls and inefficient production. These things may sound familiar, for many people now complain about these things against the government regularly. 17 Discussion of anti-competitive agreements are also given. Horizontal agreements, where firms agree to the pricing of a good, giving them ability to control prices. In this agreement, collusion between companies happen. These things can be solved with prohibitions or authorizations, which are few examples of solution for anti-competitive practices. 18 Although there are no developed legislation relating to anti-trust and monopoly activities, a competition policy framework is a strong backbone to safeguard consumer welfare. The oil deregulation law’s goal is part of the framework that the constitution wants to achieve. The statement by the Philippines Tariff Commission about competition policy is an evidence that the government should issue anti-competitive practices in the country. Issues about the oil market today, regarding possible oligopoly, predatory pricing, and consumer well-being should be taken a look at. The literature gave the definition of an oligopolistic market and indications of anti-competitive practices. The verdict will be given later if indeed the oil deregulation is not against the goal of the constitution as well as the law itself, which is to make the oil market competitive that runs with fair prices. 19 B. Transition from R. A. No. 8180 to R. A. No. 8479 In reviewing the constitutionality of the Republic Act 8479, it is necessary to know what was changed from the first oil deregulation law which was the Republic Act 8180, â€Å"An Act Deregulating the Downstream Oil Industry of 1996†. The petition of Rep. Garcia regarding the unconstitutionality of Sec. 19 of R. A. No. 8479 will be analyzed to give a brief background regarding the law. The first one was declared by the Supreme Court unconstitutional in November 5, 1997 for mainly three reasons. First, the provisions laid down were already advantageous to the major competitors; it will give more power to the oligopoly of the big three. Second, it will block the entry of effective competitors. Third, the law will sire an even more powerful oligopoly whose power to the market will take advantage of the consumers’ general welfare. 20 In this topic, a case study of the petition of honorable Enrique T. Garcia in 1999 against the 1998 Oil Deregulation Law is essential to know if R. A. 8479 is cleared of any constitutional flaws. The petition seeks to know if the new oil deregulation law is indeed constitutional and will ensure equal competitive market and welfare of its consumers. He pointed out that the court’s power of judicial review should protect its people from laws that could harm their rights. The case focused on the changed provisions of R. A. 8479 particularly; the 4% tariff differential, minimum inventory level, and predatory pricing provisions. Which should hinder the big three oil companies make practices that are anti-competitive, which is prohibited by the law such as cartelizing their operations by taking advantage of deregulation. The 4% tariff differential from R. A. 8180 was too much for the new competitors to compete with the established oil companies here in the country. With Sec. 6 of the R. A. No. 8479, they scrapped the former revision and imposed the tariff rates single and uniform for all players. The minimum inventory level requirement was also removed from the R. A. No. 8479 which could have given the incoming competitors tough time to be able to keep up with the resources that the big three companies already own. The last one was the issue on predatory pricing; Congressman Tinge suggested the Arena-Turner test and proposed to redefine predatory pricing. The definition states that pricing below average variable cost in order to match the lower price of the competitor shall not be considered predatory pricing unlike what was perceived to be pricing for purpose of discouraging a potential competitor in entering the market. 21 The judicial review also pointed out provisions that will make the oil industry be more attractive to potential competitors that should support the anti-trust protection of the R. A. 8479. The law allows the free participation of the private sectors and cooperatives in developing more gasoline stations. Moreover, the law also requires that there should be initial public offering of shares equivalent to 10% of the capital investments by oil companies. The DOE should give the consumers assurance on the pricing, for they are obliged to monitor increases in the gas prices from time to time. To further ensure that the rights of the consumers are protected, R. A. 8479 will form a task force with members of the DOJ and DOE to investigate anomalies in the deregulated oil industry. 22 The petitioner turned his attention to the phases that happened after the approval of the R. A. 8479 mainly, the transition phase and the full deregulation phase. In the transition phase, all non-pricing facets were lifted. With the eradication of the Oil Price Stabilization Fund (OPSF), a buffer fund was made to cover increases of petroleum products, with the exception of premium gasoline. The automatic oil pricing mechanism was maintained in order to estimate the local prices of gasoline products in the global market. A market-oriented formula was also approved by the Energy Regulatory Board (ERB) to know the wholesale posted price of gasoline products to be determined by the adjustments of the Singapore Posting of refined petroleum products, the Singapore Import Parity or the crude landed cost. The transition period should last up to five months following the enactment of the law but with the power granted to him at that time, President Fidel V. Ramos accelerated the start of full deregulation through E. O. 471 in March 14, 1998. His decision was supported by the DOE and DOF because of two reasons: (1) the prices of crude oil and petroleum products in the world market are beginning to be stable and on a downtrend since January 1998; and (2) the exchange rate of the peso in relation to the US dollar has been stable for the past three months, averaging at around P40. 00 to one US dollar. 23 Rep. Garcia pointed out four reasons for the unconstitutionality of R. A. 8479. In his petition, he said that the Sec. 19 of R. A. 8479 which grants for the five-month transition phase, shortened by Pres. Ramos, is pro-oligopoly, anti-competitive, and is against the economic welfare of the people. And therefore, the law was processed unconstitutionally for being foul and disparaging infringement of the constitutional policy and command embodied in Article XII, Section 19 of the 1987 constitution against monopolies and combinations in restraint of trade. It also violates the goal of the oil deregulation law, which is to make the oil market competitive under a system of fair prices. 24 And because of that, the law is a very vital and grave abuse of discretion on the part of the legislative and executive branches of government. Lastly, because of the hastened transition, he pointed out that Sec. 19 should be declared null and void for the transition and full deregulation should have price controls that should protect the public interest from the big three oligopoly’s price fixing and overpricing. All he said points out to the question, whether or not the execution of deregulating the oil industry conflicts the mandate of free competition under section 19, Article XII of the 1987 constitution. 25 The petitioner claimed that acceleration of the transition phase was pro-oligopoly, anti-competition, and anti-people for the reason that the short transition period was not enough to establish true competition in the local oil industry. He also said that true competition exists only when there can be a sizable number of players, and at that time there was only 3% of the market share which belongs to new competitors. Because of this, he suggested that the transition phase should be prolonged while the big three are still dominating the market with price controls so that the public can be protected from a possible overpricing or fixed pricing from the big three. 26 Subsequently, respondents claim that the decorum of full deregulation is a non-justifiable issue for it involves the perception of congress and the acceleration was also recommended by the DOE and DOF because of the two conditions that were discussed earlier. They also claim that the short transition period was not against the mandate of the constitution because the new competitors were given enough time to set up their businesses in the manner captured at least 3% of the market share. Petron Corp. , a respondent, pointed out that a short transition period is beneficial to new players coming in for they will be able to set up their business properly within a manageable time, to set up their prices, taking into account their investment and operating costs. It also claimed that an indefinite period of time would only discourage new players for they hoped that the price regulation would be lifted within a reasonable time. 27 Interposing economic arguments by the public respondents claim that price regulation is not beneficial to the public as well as to the economy. They added that the acceleration of full deregulation is based on existing conditions and sound economic theory. Shell Corp. filed a rejoinder and further added that if Sec. 19 were to be dismissed, there will never be full deregulation and would provide a new law that is different from what was already enacted. And, extending the transition period would bring back the automatic pricing mechanism which means that it will only replace the mode of price regulation by still another regulatory scheme. 28 As Garcia listen to these counter arguments, he said that he was just asking for the constitutionality of Sec. 19, not the essence of it. For he claims that Sec. 19 is anti-competitive, thus it is contrary to what the constitution says. He added that conviction against monopolies and combination in restraint of trade should be given legal consequence by the court. Garcia insists that the court should consider his petition that the downstream oil industry should go back to partial deregulation, in which the main features of deregulation would be allowed but the retail prices of petroleum products would still be regulated through an automatic pricing mechanism. 29 The Supreme Court Justice at that time, Corona, thought that his petition lacked legal basis even though it seem beneficial to the public. He added that the job of the Supreme Court was just to interpret and apply the law as conceived and approved by other departments of the government in accordance with the prescribed procedure. The knowledge and to rescind or alter laws were the job of the legislation. Furthermore, he stated that if they allowed an open ended transition period with pricing regulation by the government, the liberalization of the downstream oil industry would have been suspended. Then, it would bring about a free interaction of market forces that would eventually lead to hindrance of fair competition in the market. He also pointed out that to execute full deregulation depending on the number of new players would be to legislate a floating provision reliant on the happening of a conditional event. In that way, the goal of R. A. 8479, which is to deregulate and liberalize the downstream oil industry to ensure a truly competitive market under a regime of fair prices, adequate and continuous supply, environmentally clean and high-quality gasoline products, would be demoralize. Lastly, he also pointed out that reviewing the wisdom of the law is not a power of the judiciary, that power is only vested in the congress. Policy issues are within the domain of the political branches of government and of the people themselves as the repository of all state powers. 30 The case gave important information that will be needed in the study. It supplied a background on the changes covering the debunked R. A. 8180 to the R. A. 8479. The issues on the 4% percent tariff differential, minimum inventory level, and predatory pricing. All of these were changed or even removed from the first one. These three were the reasons for the declaration of the supreme court of the first oil deregulation‘s unconstitutionality. With these three gone, the R. A. 8479 should be cleared of any constitutional flaws. Petitioner Rep. Garcia thought otherwise. He insisted that the rushed transition period was unconstitutional for it is pro-oligopoly and it did not bring in fair competition in the market. With the rushed deregulation, it could have provided more power to the oligopoly to take control of prices and also the market. The court, respondents, and the petitioner acted upon the petition and in the end the court dismissed the petition for the reason that the petitioner failed to show that the law is violating the Sec. 19, Article XII of the constitution. Though Garcia pointed out interesting issues about the transition phase, he did not discuss the other cause of the acceleration of the deregulation which is the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The hasty transition together with the IMF’s role will be discussed on the thesis proper, for we believe that there other reasons that could have brought the transition to be accelerated. He was correct by saying that the accelerated deregulation was pro-oligopoly for the SC Chief Justice said that what was Garcia insists could be advantageous to the public. And, what is advantageous to the public is what the constitution wants for it is the protector of the people. The question on whether who will decide to repeal or even review oil deregulation law needs to be addressed. The Supreme Court said here that they do not have that power, and this issue will be talked about on the thesis part. C. What People, Groups Say About the Oil Deregulation Law Many are those who demand the amendment or the repeal of the ODL. The most relevant reason for those demands is that it does not comply with the Constitutional provision that says to prohibit monopolies. 31 But the researchers found more reasons for the laws amendment or repeal. Mostly politicians, they cited various inconsistencies and irregularities found on the ODL. Some proposing to amend the law simply because the goal of the law never came to fruition. This section will shed some light on the various reason found during research. Everything found in this section is relevant to the thesis, as these can be used as bases on the recommendations part of this study. In a 2008 article, the militant group Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) calls for the ODLs repeal and the removal of VAT on oil-related products. According to the KMU, pump prices at the time were P11 higher than what it should be. To support the claim, KMU presented a data. Dubai crude prices are pegged at $97/liter on two different dates: November 2007 and September 2008. The diesel prices here on the Philippines were P37. 95/liter and P49/liter respectively, showing the P11. 05 difference. This is because, according to the group, of the improper pricing imposed by the dominant oil companies, meaning monopoly is still present. The same is the reason why they want to repeal the law, because obviously the monopoly is still present. 32 Art. XII, Sec. 19 of the Constitution states the State shall regulate or prohibit monopolies when the public interest so requires. Supported by different transport groups, Bataan Rep. Enrique Garcia claims that the above-mentioned provision of the constitution is violated by the ODL. Citing the Supreme Court,33 he said that the control on the local oil industry is by foreign oligopolies. Also, he states the big three are the only relevant companies in the industry. The scrapping of the law, as he suggests, will ultimately free the people from their suffering from the prices set by oligopolies. 34 The Court of Appeals (CA) declares the ODL as unconstitutional. In the CAs ruling, Sec. 14 (e) of the ODL which gives Dept. of Energy (DOE) total control over the industry during national emergencies,35 violates the Art. VI, Sec. 23 of the Constitution. The Constitutional provision mandates the Congress to determine if theres a national emergency and a need to warrant the exercise of the Presidents emergency powers. 36, 37 1-Utak party list, led by Rep. Vigor Mendoza, says the ODL is vague, therefore unconstitutional. In Sec. 11 of the law, it defines two prohibited acts: cartelization and predatory pricing or unreasonable pricing. 38 Mendoza says that, first, in order to determine whether unreasonable pricing exists, there should be a crystal-clear definition of what fair price really meant which is not present in the ODL. The second act described in Sec. 11 is penal in nature and its enforcement will fail when theres a lack of guidelines in the law, making ODL unconstitutional. 39 Representatives Rufus Rodriguez and Maximo Rodriguez filed a bill repealing RA 8479 and reestablishing the OPSF. According to them, the ODL did not fulfill the goal it was written for. Instead of creating a truly competitive market, the law did the contrary. The promise that entrance of new entrants to the industry will create a competitive environment was broken as these new players get their sources from the big three, which will dictate the prices, ultimately violating the anti-monopoly provision of the Constitution. 40 The bill, to solve the problem with prices, wants to regulate the oil industry and to reintroduce the OPSF. With the fund present, it will lessen oil prices by balancing the price levels caused by fluctuations in the foreign exchange and additional costs from importation. The bill listed sources of the fund and the promulgation of the bills rules will be by the Secretary of Finance with the DOE Secretary as consultant. 41 Similar to the previous bill, HB 347 aims to regulate the downstream oil industry because of the same reasons. Unlike the previous one, this bill has a provision on how the industry will be regulated. The rules and its implementations will be formulated and issued by the DOE, with assistance from various government agencies, 60 days after this bills effectivity. Companies if found guilty of cartelization or monopolization, will be fined by at least P100,000 but not more than P1,000,000 plus possible business suspension or termination as determined by the DOE. The bill also includes a public information campaign to explain how the regulation works. 42 To summarize, the following are the grounds for the Oil Deregulation Law’s unconstitutionality: 1. That cartelization by the dominant companies is still present in the country, causing consistent price hikes, which is contrary to what the Oil Deregulation Law aims,43 ultimately violating the anti-monopoly provision of the Constitution44 2. That, during national emergencies, the DOE is vested with total control over the oil industry,45 which is contradictory with what the Constitution provides. The Constitution gives the Congress the responsibility (1) to determine whether the country is in a national emergency and when the country is, (2) to warrant the President to take control over any industry. 46 3. That the Oil Deregulation is vague, not defining what a â€Å"fair price† is, therefore the enforcement of the law will fail since there are no guidelines to determine whether an oil company is committing a crime, the unreasonable pricing,47 or not. The lack thereof now promotes monopolization as these big companies can increase their prices without thinking of any consequences. D. State of the Oil Industry Today The oil industry has changed over the years since the enactment of the Oil Deregulation Law. To review whether the said law is indeed free from constitutional flaws, we would have to take a look at the oil industry as of today. The effects of the R. A. 8479 should have been felt for its been a decade of progressively implementing the law. To know the state of the oil industry today, a review of a policy issue paper regarding the oil industry of today is needed. Marlou B. Mumar’s Philippine Oil Deregulation and the Oil Crisis: A Policy Issue Paper made in February 20, 2010 will be used to have a better background on what is the state of the oil market of today. The paper produced a brief a background about what went wrong with the oil market before the law was implemented. The deficit of the OPSF (Oil Price Stabilization Fund) that was used to cover up increases in gas prices was threatening to undermine the economy in 1995. Because of that, it triggered former Pres. Fidel V. Ramos to bring back the plan of creating the Oil Deregulation Law. An effort to avoid such fiscal deficit, the R. A. 8180 was enacted in 1996 which was later declared unconstitutional. The whole saga was discussed a while ago. Afterwards, a new oil deregulation law was implemented, which is now the R. A. 8479. Fifteen years have passed, six out of 10 Filipinos are in favor to scrap the law. 48 IBON foundation, an organization opposed to the oil deregulation law said that it just fortified the oligopoly of the big three for they are permitted to increase gas prices anytime. Due to this, other oil companies follow the trend and also pump the prices up resulting for a 535% increase in oil prices from 1996 to now. The effects of the law have not been felt by the consumers because of these high prices. 49 The consumers don’t know much about the effects of the oil deregulation law because they tend to judge it by looking at the price hike that has happened. Even though the downstream oil industry has maintained a meek growth,50 with the new competitors have invested worth 30 billion pesos in the market, the people doubt that the entry of these new oil companies guarantee fair prices for them. Because of this, the people does not buy that the oil deregulation law attained its social objectives of just prices, sufficient, and constant delivery of clean and high quality gas products. 51 What the consumers do not know is that the cause of such high prices were not caused by the R. A. 8479. According to the Independent Review Committee in 2005, â€Å"The main cause of oil price increases was the effect of major peso devaluation and increases in the international price of oil especially since we import practically all our oil product requirements. To summarize it, the increase in oil prices was a result of the government suggesting the players to increase the prices over a long period of time rather than rising it one time big time. Without a doubt, there is an oil crisis ongoing today. 52 With the United States experiencing its worst economic state, the boom of high oil prices and as well as other economic things is inevitable. Former Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo describes this as an â€Å"oil crisis of global proportions. † Today, two futures markets namely, London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) and the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) set the prices of petroleum. Here, many traders sell oil products in paper or also called as â€Å"paper oil† on which they sell at a higher price. This scenario has become abundant, and eventually become the reason for the price hikes that the country experiences for the Philippines, heavily depending on foreign oil production, buy petroleum when the cost is at its peak. This has become a huge investment for international oil players. It is said for every 570 â€Å"paper barrels of oil† there was only one underlying physical barrel of oil. The paper oil barrels pull the cost of the underlying barrel of oil, dictating the cost of oil. 53 This only refute what most people think about the price hikes that are going on, it has to be something about the supply and demand of it. It is said that 60% of today’s crude oil cost is pure assumption driven by large banks and circumvent funds. 54, 55 Also in the paper, the different alternatives on solving the oil crisis here in the Philippines. Through the simplified stakeholders analysis, where the author simplified proposed solutions by various stakeholders, the author explained how each of the solutions effects if its the alternative used. There are six proposals included in the paper to solve the crisis: (1) Better implementation of Oil Deregulation Law (ODL); (2) Amendment of the ODL; (3) Scrapping of the ODL; (4) Removal of the 12% VAT on oil; (5) Finding of alternative sources of energy; and (6) Country-to-country oil agreements. 56 The first alternative was based from an Independent Review Committee report on the ODL with Carlos Alindada as chair which tells that the law is actually needed, the oil prices are actually justified which is why oil companies are actually experiencing losses. The report has four recommendations: (a) more effective and regular monitoring oil prices; (b) better initiatives against illegal, unsafe, unfair practices in oil service stations; (c) DOE should be in an anti-subsidizing stand; and (d) to make Petron, partly government-owned, as a price moderator for price-basing since, the report pointed out, Petron is a refiner and a market leader. 57 The second alternative is for the laws amendment. With this, deregulation is still necessary, an improvement is just needed to achieve its actual goal a truly competitive market. One congressman is mentioned, namely Rep. Singson of Ilocos Sur, which made bills to amend the law for better information-dissemination and competition-promotion. The specific sections referenced are 14 (Monitoring) and 15 (Additional Powers of the DOE Secretary). 58 The third calls for its repeal. Consumer and Oil Price Watch (COPW) chairman Raul T. Concepcion calls for regulation since, under a deregulated arena, refineries opt to not use Dubai prices as their basis instead they use the Mean of Platts Singapore which is usually higher, and another factor for the prices is competition. Another point raised by Rep. Rufus Rodriguez of Cagayan de Oro in his House Bill 4262 is that the ODL does not actually foster competitive market and instead strengthened the power of the dominant companies, stressing out that the supply of the new entrants come from them hence prices are still controlled by the dominant companies. The bill also calls for the comeback of the OPSF. Much the same, Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) says oil cartel is still existent in spite of the deregulation. To support the claim, KMU presented a data. Dubai crude prices are pegged at $97/liter on two different dates: November 2007 and September 2008. The diesel prices here on the Philippines were P37. 95/liter and P49/liter respectively, showing an P11. 05 difference. 59